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Protein Synthesis Making Proteins from DNA DNA & the Nucleus • DNA cannot leave the nucleus! • So how can we get the information for making proteins out of the nucleus? What is RNA? • Ribonucleic acid – A nucleic acid • Made up of repeating nucleotides – Backbone • Sugar = Ribose • Phosphate – Nitrogen bases • • • • Adenine Uracil Cytocine Guanine Nitrogenous Base Pairs • Adenine pairs with Uracil – A-U • Cytosine pairs with Guanine – C-G Differences between DNA & RNA • Different Sugars – DNA = deoxyribose – RNA = ribose • Different Nitrogen Base Pairs – DNA = thymine – RNA = uracil Single (RNA) .vs Double (DNA) Stranded Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – Single chain that carries genetic information from DNA in nucleus to the cytosol • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Single chain of abt 80 nucleotides folded into a cross shape that binds amino acids together • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – RNA in globular form. It makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made TRANSCRIPTION • Process where genetic information is copied from DNA into RNA • RNA Polymerase binds to promoters and makes RNA copies of a specific sequence of DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Is the production of proteins • Remember proteins are made up of polypeptides • Polypeptides are sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds Amino Acids • There are 20 different amino acids • Proteins are made of specific sequences of these 20 amino acids • The sequence determines how the proteins twist and fold into a 3-D shape Codons • A combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides • Codes for a specific amino acid • Important Codons – Start codon = AUG – Stop codons = UAA, UAG, or UGA TRANSLATION • Assembling polypeptides from info encoded in mRNA • mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytosol where protein synthesis happens tRNA & Anti-Codons • tRNA transports amino acids that are in the cytosol to the ribosome • tRNA has a section that carries an anti-codon – Anti-codon is complementary to the corresponding mRNA Protein Assembly • Begins with start codon AUG • tRNA anti-codon is UAC, which is the amino acid methionine • Ribosome moves along mRNA to the next codon, the anti-codon binds to the codon and the new amino acid attaches to the first amino acid forming a polypeptide chain until a stop codon occurs