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Transcript
What did Robert Hooke call the boxes that he observed in cork? Cells Why should I care? So, what is a cell? Smallest A functional unit that can support life bacterium is only one self-sustaining cell You are made up of trillions of interdependent cells Too small to see without a microscope Problem? Miss Apgar wants to view a bacterial cell that needs to be magnified 1000 times in order to see it. Her compound light microscope has a 10X ocular lens. Which objective lens should she use to see the bacterium? _____________ Where is the ocular lens? ____________________ Where is the objective lens? _________________ What do we remember about microscope history? Robert Named the cell Cell Hooke – Structural and functional unit of life Made sketches of the microscopic world Anton van Leeuwenhoek Perfected a single lens microscope Examined and milk Called water creatures he saw “cavorting wee beasties” Some More History Matthias Schleiden Studied plants Determined that all plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann Studied animals Determined that all animals are made of cells Some More History Rudolf Virchow German physician Proposed that cells divide to form new cells Used his theory to diagnose patients Father of pathology Cell Theory - putting their work together All organisms are made of cells It can be one solitary cell or many cells working together The cell is the basic unit of organization in living organisms All Even in complex organisms like humans, the cell is the basic unit of life cells come from pre-existing cells Cells grow and divide, passing genetic information to the next generation of cells How do we know that cells come from other cells? Two types of cells… Prokaryotic Simple interior Considered to be the prototype Eukaryotic cells cells Complex interior Considered to be the latest update Prokaryotes Simple interior DNA in central nucleoid region Cellular functions happen in open space Single cell organisms Bacteria Archaea Inside a Prokaryote The cytoplasm is where cell life takes place DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid region Ribosomes make proteins The Flagellum provides transportation Capsule, cell wall, and cytoplasmic membrane provide protection and support Eukaryotes Complex interior DNA is neatly packaged and protected by nucleus Organelles perform cellular functions Single and multiple cell organisms Amoebas – single celled You are a EU-karyote 4 Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Inside a Eukaryote The cytoplasm is where the organelles are located DNA is housed in the nucleus Ribosomes make proteins There are many other organelles each covered by a membrane Each organelle has its own function Cytoplasmic membrane provides protection Venn Diagram Time… turn to page 22! Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Your task now… Look on page 11 in your packet Read “The Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell” (pgs 19-20) Answer questions pages 21 and 22 Homework if you do not finish!! More on the Eukaryote cell Important terminology DNA – genetic material Organelle – cellular structures that carry out specific functions Means “little organ” Let’s break it down… First up: the plasma membrane The Cell Membrane The cell membrane is selectively permeable Some things can pass but others can’t Cell membranes are made from a phospholipid bilayer Phospholipid Bilayer Structure Each phospholipid has a polar head and two nonpolar tails Polar head is attracted to water Nonpolar tails are repelled by water Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Phospholipid Bilayer Function Allows some things in and not others Polar molecules do not easily pass H2O is an exception because it is small Keeps The the outside out and the inside in plasma membrane is always in motion Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid Membrane is in motion Membrane is flexible Mosaic There are molecules embedded in the bilayer The scattered arrangement looks like a mosaic Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells Eukaryotic cell which makes up tissues in animals Lack cell walls and chloroplasts, and have smaller vacuoles. Appears to be circular because of the lack of a rigid cell wall. Eukaryotic cell that makes up plants Cell Wall Chloroplast Large Vacuoles Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Wall Mesh of fibers that surrounds the plasma membrane Protects and supports the cell Made of carbohydrate, cellulose Cytoplasm Semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane Consists of cytosol and the cellular organelles (all organelles except the cell nucleus) Cytosol - fluid in which the cellular organelles are suspended Cytoskeleton Network of long, thin protein fibers provide an anchor for organelles Microtubules-long hollow cylinders that assist in moving substances within the cell Microfilaments-thin threads that give the cell shape and enable the cell to move Cytoskeleton in Red and Green Nucleus Contains genetic material (DNA) Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores allow substances in and out Nucleolus in center Very dense center Ribosomes Produce proteins Made of RNA and protein Made in the nucleolus Some float freely in the cytoplasm Others attach to endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Interconnected network of tubules Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Where ribosomes attach and make proteins Appear to create bumps and rough areas on the membrane Smooth ER No ribosomes Produces complex carbohydrates and lipids Golgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts, and packs proteins in sacs called vesicles Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane They release proteins which move through membrane to get outside of the cell Vacuoles Temporary storage for materials in the cytoplasm Store, transport, or digest food and waste Plant cells – 1 large vacuole Animal cells – several little vacuoles Lysosomes Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles They also digest bacteria and viruses that enter the cell They are built in the Golgi apparatus. Centrioles Made of Microtubules Found near nucleus Animal Cells only Assembled right before replication Aid in cell replication Mitochondria Powerhouse Converts organic materials into energy ATP Outer and inner membranes with lots of folds Provides large surface area to break sugar molecule bonds (produce energy) Chloroplasts- Plant only Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis Photosynthetic Animals 2010 - found an animal that makes proteins essential for photosynthesis Elysia chlorotica – sea slug that looks like a giant swimming leaf Stole chloroplasts from algae it eats can live up to 9 months without eating Appears green because of stolen chlorophyll Lives - Eastern coast of the United States and Canada Cilia and Flagella Cilia short, hair-like projections Move back and forth like oars on a rowboat Move substances along surface of the cell Flagella rather long hair-like projections Whip-like motion Both are composed of microtubules Move cells through watery environment Cell Transport Passive transport Does not use energy Goes with the concentration gradient 3 types diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis Active Transport Requires energy Goes against the concentration gradient Endocytosis Exocytosis Cell Transport Diffusion -net movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration Doesn’t require energy because the particle are in motion passive transport Dynamic equilibrium- the overall concentration does not change, but molecules are still moving randomly What affects the rate of diffusion? What makes molecules move faster? High temperature High Pressure High concentration Facilitated Diffusion Some ions and molecules can’t diffuse across the cell membrane Facilitated diffusion – uses transport proteins to help move some molecules across the plasma membrane Osmosis Osmosis – diffusion of water Most cells undergo osmosis because they are surrounded by water Hyper—Hypo– Iso tonic Solutions These Hypertonic -more solute Hypotonic- less solute Isotonic- same solute as What are comparing words would happen if you Put a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution? Put a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution? Put a red blood cell in an isotonic solution? What happens to a red blood cell when…? Active Transport Goes from low to high concentration Requires Energy ATP Moves large substances Endocytosis Endocytosis- moving large substances into the cell Exocytosis Exocytosis- moving large substances out of the cell
