* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 2
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 7 A TOUR OF THE CELL OBJECTIVES 1. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukariotic cells. The prokaryotic cell has no nucleus, there is no membrane to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell. The eukariotic cell has its nucleus which is enclosed in the nucleus envelope. The entire region between the nucleus and the cell is the cytoplasm. 4. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus, and briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The nucleus controls most of the genes that control the cell. Within the nucleus is chromatin, consisting of DNA and protein. Figure 7.9 pg. 119 5. Describe the structure and function of a eukariotic ribosome. Ribosomes build proteins in two cytoplasmic locales; Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol. Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of a membranous network called the endoplasmic reticulum. Figure 7.10 pg. 120 6. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions and summarize the relationships among them. Nuclear envelope- Figure 7.9 pg. 119 Endoplasmic reticulum- Figure 7.11 pg. 121 Golgi apparatus- Figure 7.12 pg. 122 Lysosomes- Figure 7.13 pg. 123 Vacuoles; -food vacuoles- Figure 7.14 pg. 124 -contractile vacuoles-pump excess water out of the cell -central vacuoles- Figure 7.15 pg. 125 Plasma membrane- Figure 7.6 pg. 115 7. Describe the vacuole & list types of vacuoles. Vacuoles are membrane-enclosed sacs within the cell Rest is previously mentioned 8. Explain the role of peroxysomes in eukaryotic cells. Figure 7.17 pg. 126 The pheroxysome is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Peroxysomes contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substances to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. 9. Describe the structure and function of a mitochondrion. Figure 7.18pg 127 Site of cellular respiration; makes ATP 11. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. Figure 7.19 pg. 127 12. Describe the probable functions of the cytoskeleton. Figure 7.20 pg. 128 13. describe the structure, monomers and functions of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Table 7.2 pg. 129 14. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagela relates to their function. Figure 7.24 pg. 132 17. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells, and relate their structure to function. Figure 7.28 pg. 135 Figure 7.30 pg. 136 CHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the function of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane controls traffic in and out of the cell it surrounds. It has selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross. 5. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition. A membrane is held together by hydrophobic interactions. Figure 8.3 pg. 144 6. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and function. Figure 8.1 pg. 141 7. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how they contribute to membrane functions. Figure 8.6 pg. 146 8. Describe factors that affect selective permeability of membranes. The hydrophobic core of the membrane impedes the transport of ions and polar molecules, which are hydrophilic. Very small molecules that are polar but uncharged can also pass through the membrane. The lipid bilayer is not very permeable to larger, uncharged polar molecules. 9. Define diffusion; explain what causes it and why it is a spontaneous process. Diffusion, the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread into the available space. Rule of diffusion: A substance will diffuse from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated. Figure 8.8 pg. 148 10. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport. The concentration gradient regulates passive transport. Membrane permeability regulates the rate of passive transport. 11. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy. 12. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Figure 8.9 pg 149 14. Describe how cell with and without walls regulate water balance. Figure 8.10 pg 149 16. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion. Figure 8.12 pg 151 17. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion. In active transport molecules are pumped against their gradient, making the cell spend its own energy. Figure 8.14 pg 153 20. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane. Figure 8.17 pg 154 21. Give an example of receptor mediated endocytosis. Human cells use cholesterol as a precursor for other steroids. CHAPTER 12 THE CELL CYCLE OBJECTIVES 2. Overview the major events of cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed onto two daughter cells. Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material-DNA-to the two daughter cells. A cell preparing to divide first copies all its genes, allocates them equally to opposite ends of the cell, and then separates into two daughter cells. 3. Describe how chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle. There are 46 chromosomes in the human stomatic cell. Reproductive cells or gametes have half as many chromosomes as do stomatic cells, that is 23 chromosomes. 4. List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during each phase. Figure 11.5 pg 207 5. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase. Figure 11.6 pg 208 6. Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams or micrographs. Figure 11.6 pg 208 8. Describe what characteristic changes occur in the spindle aparatus during each phase of mitosis. Figure 11.6 pg 208 10. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants. Figure 11.9 pg 212 11. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and how this process may have evolved to mitosis in eukaryotes. Figure 11.2 pg 205 14. Explain how abnormal cell division of cancerous cells differs from normal cell division. Figure 11.14 pg 218