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INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
History of Cells
Janet Plowe, 1931
Rudolph Virchow, 1855
Theodor Schwann,
1839
Matthias Schleiden, 1838
Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674
Robert Hooke, 1665
Robert Hooke
naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect....
(July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke
publishes his book,
Micrographia, which
contains his drawings of
sections of cork as seen
through one of the first
microscopes (shown at
right).
He was the first person
to use the term “cells”.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
In 1673 Anton van
Leeuwenhook perfects
the simple microscope
and observes cells and
microorganisms.
He discovered bacteria
in 1674 and four years
later, he discovers
protozoa.
Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann
all plants are made
of cells
all animals are made
of cells
Cell Theory
Rudolf Virchow
all cells came from
pre-existing cells
Cell Theory
Matthias
Schleiden
concluded that all
plants are made of
cells (1838)
Theodore
Schwann
concluded that all
animals are made
of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all
cells came from
pre-existing cells
(1855)
Cell Theory
• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the basic units of structure and function in
an organism
• new cells are produced from existing cells
Cell Specialization
Cells in organisms are
specialized to perform
different tasks.
Red Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Stomata
Terms
• Cell – the smallest unit that
can carry on the processes of
life.
• Unicellular – consists of only
one cell
• Multicellular – consists of
more than one cell
Cell Types
PROKARYOTE
• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound
organelles
• Small ribosomes
• Most cells are 1 -10 μm in
size
• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
• Found only in
Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria Kingdoms
EUKARYOTE
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Larger ribosomes
• Cells can be between 2 1,000 μm in size
• Evolved 1.5 billion years
ago
• Includes Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia
Kingdoms
Structure and Function of Cells
Cell Type
Example
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
Protista
Fungi
Plants
Animal
Prokaryotic Cells
https://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/bacter
ia/
…. Different Image
Common Components
and Cellular Organization
• Plasma Membrane
– boundary surrounding the cell
• Genetic material: DNA
– located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells
• Cytoplasm
– Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
and organelles
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
• Cytoskeleton
– network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells contain
Structure
Function
Plasma Membrane
Regulates flow of substances into
and out of cell
Nucleoid
Cytoplasmic region containing
genetic material
Cytoplasm
Cytosol: fluid
Ribosomes
Enzyme
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells contain
Structure
Function
Cell Wall
Supports cell
Maintains shape
Capsule
Protects from drying
Protects against white blood cells
Infolded Plasma Membranes
Metabolism
Cell division
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
• All prokaryotic cells contain
Structure
Function
Bacterial Flagellum
Movement
Plasmid
Small circular DNA
Replicates independently
Applying Your Knowledge
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cell Wall
Flagellum
Capsule
Plasmid
Nucleoid
In bacterial cells:
where is the genetic material located?
which one is used for movement?
which one provides structural support for the cell?
Prokaryotic Cell Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYe5tHaE
XRE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQSMCmWB1s
Your Turn to Draw a Prokaryotic Cell
• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a
prokaryotic cell on your paper.
• Make sure to label your parts.
– Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you.
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pill
Capsule
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Flagellum
Cytoplasm
Lets Review
Exit Card
• Tell me one thing that you learned about
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Parts
• Cells – the basic unit of
life
• Organelles - small
structures inside a cell
with specific functions.
A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Cell
membrane
1. Function: Regulates materials entering and
exiting the cell.
2. Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins
Analogy – Lyndhurst city limits
B) Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
1. Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell
membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol)
a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles.
2. Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except
for nucleus
Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Lyndhurst, except City
Hall
C) Nucleus
Nucleus
1. Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA
& RNA actions.
2. Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA
Analogy – City Hall
D) Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear
Envelope
1. Function: Regulates what enters or exits the
nucleus.
2. Structure: Double Layer of Lipids
E) Nucleolus
Nucleolus
1. Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make
all proteins.
2. Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA
Analogy – The Mayor
F) DNA
DNA (chromatin)
1. Function: information on how to make proteins.
a. Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state)
b. Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell
division
2. Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the
nucleus
Analogy – The Laws or City Code
G) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
1. Function: Transportation route for proteins.
a. Rough ER: has ribosomes
b. Smooth ER: no ribosomes
2. Structure: tubes and channels
Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks
H) Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Free
Ribosomes
1. Function: Makes proteins.
2. Structure: small circular organelles
Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.
I) Vacuoles and Vesicles
Vesicles
1. Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste.
2. Structure: small membrane-bound organelle.
Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.
J) Lysosomes
Lysosomes
1. Function: packets of enzymes that break down
materials in a cell.
2. Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles
Analogy – Recycling center
K) Mitochondria
Mitochondria
1. Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of
cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse”
2. Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney
shaped.
Analogy – PG&E, Electric Companies
L) Golgi Apparatus
Golgi
Apparatus
1. Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out
of the cell.
2. Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle
Analogy – Post Office
M) Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Microtubules
1. Function: Provide support and structure for the cell.
a.
b.
Microfilaments
Microtubules
2. Structure: Tubules
Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams
N) Centrioles (Animals Only)
Centrioles
1. Function: microtubules that help divide the cell
during cell division.
• Structure: Tubules
Analogy – Lyndhurst vs. North Arlington
O) Cilia & Flagella
Flagella
Flagella
Cilia
1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects
moving by the cell.
2. Structure:
a. Flagella – 1 long fiber
b. Cilia – many short fibers
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
O) Cilia & Flagella
Flagella
Flagella
Cilia
1. Function: provides movement for the cell or objects
moving by the cell.
2. Structure:
a. Flagella – 1 long fiber
b. Cilia – many short fibers
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
P) Chloroplasts (Plants only)
Chloroplasts
1. Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun
and CO2 into sugar).
2. Structure: Membrane bound organelles that
contain chlorophyll
Analogy – Solar Panels
Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only)
Cell Wall
1. Function: Provides support for the cell and the
plant.
2. Structure: Made of cellulose
Analogy – ground, rock wall
Video
• Animal Cell
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzj6TRnXmps
• Plant Cell
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uohe2V4yOz
E
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Your Turn to Draw a Eukaryotic Cell
• Now I would like you in your groups to draw a
prokaryotic cell on your paper.
– Left Side of the room – Plant Cell
– Right Side of the room – Animal Cell
• Make sure to label your parts.
– Use the vocabulary list on the board to help you
Vocabulary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Golgi bodies
Lysosomes
Endoplasm
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Flagella
Cell Raps
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafJKbMPA8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF
2Ci8
Cell Raps
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafJKbMPA8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF
2Ci8
Lets Review