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Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Aromatics
Organic Halides

1.
2.


1.
2.
3.

1.
2.
3.
Substitution Reactions, with Heat or UV light.
With halogens or hydrogen halides: Halogenation
With Nitric Acid
Complete combustion reactions
Addition Reactions
With H2: Hydrogenation
With halogens or hydrogen halides: Halogenation
With water: Hydration
Substitution Reactions
With X2: Halogenation Ø-X
With HNO3: Nitration Ø-NO2
With RX: Alkylation Ø-R
Preparation
 Alkenes and alkynes Organic Halides
1. Addition reactions with halogens or hydrogen halides
 Alkanes and Aromatics  Organic Halides
1. Substitution Reactions with halogens or hydrogen halides
Pathway to other groups:
 Alkyl halides  alkenes
1. Elimination Reactions, removing hydrogen and halide ions.
Alcohols
Preparation
 AlkenesAlcohols
1. Addition Reactions with water: hydration
Pathways to other groups
 AlcoholsAlkenes
1. Elimination Reaction: Dehydration
 AlcoholsAldehydesCarboxylic acids
1. Controlled oxidation reaction
Ethers
Aldehydes/Ketones

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.
Carboxylic Acids/ Esters

1.

1.

1.
Amides/Amines

1.
2.
3.

1.
Preparation
AlcoholsEthers+Water
Condensation reaction, eliminating H2O ; Dehydration
Preparation
Primary alcohols  aldehydes
Controlled oxidation reactions
Secondary alcohols ketones
Controlled oxidation reactions
Pathways to other groups
Aldehydes  primary alcohols
Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydrogenation
Ketones  secondary alcohols
Addition reactions with hydrogen: hydrogenation
Preparation
Alcohol+(O)aldehyde+(O)Carboxylic acid
Oxidation reaction; add (O)
Carboxylic acid+alcoholester+H2O
Condensation Reaction
Pathway to other compounds
Ester+NaOH  sodium salt of acid+ alcohol
Hydrolysis; saponification
Preparation
Amines:
RX+NH3 amine + HX
RX+R2NH amine +HX
Amide +H2Ocarboxyic acid + amine (hydrolysis reaction)
Amides
Carboxylic acid + amine  amide + H2O (condensation reaction)