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Alkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics Organic Halides 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Substitution Reactions, with Heat or UV light. With halogens or hydrogen halides: Halogenation With Nitric Acid Complete combustion reactions Addition Reactions With H2: Hydrogenation With halogens or hydrogen halides: Halogenation With water: Hydration Substitution Reactions With X2: Halogenation Ø-X With HNO3: Nitration Ø-NO2 With RX: Alkylation Ø-R Preparation Alkenes and alkynes Organic Halides 1. Addition reactions with halogens or hydrogen halides Alkanes and Aromatics Organic Halides 1. Substitution Reactions with halogens or hydrogen halides Pathway to other groups: Alkyl halides alkenes 1. Elimination Reactions, removing hydrogen and halide ions. Alcohols Preparation AlkenesAlcohols 1. Addition Reactions with water: hydration Pathways to other groups AlcoholsAlkenes 1. Elimination Reaction: Dehydration AlcoholsAldehydesCarboxylic acids 1. Controlled oxidation reaction Ethers Aldehydes/Ketones 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Carboxylic Acids/ Esters 1. 1. 1. Amides/Amines 1. 2. 3. 1. Preparation AlcoholsEthers+Water Condensation reaction, eliminating H2O ; Dehydration Preparation Primary alcohols aldehydes Controlled oxidation reactions Secondary alcohols ketones Controlled oxidation reactions Pathways to other groups Aldehydes primary alcohols Addition reaction with hydrogen: hydrogenation Ketones secondary alcohols Addition reactions with hydrogen: hydrogenation Preparation Alcohol+(O)aldehyde+(O)Carboxylic acid Oxidation reaction; add (O) Carboxylic acid+alcoholester+H2O Condensation Reaction Pathway to other compounds Ester+NaOH sodium salt of acid+ alcohol Hydrolysis; saponification Preparation Amines: RX+NH3 amine + HX RX+R2NH amine +HX Amide +H2Ocarboxyic acid + amine (hydrolysis reaction) Amides Carboxylic acid + amine amide + H2O (condensation reaction)