Download Alcohol, Aldehydes and Acids

Alcohol, Aldehydes and Acids
Some organic Functional Groups
Alcohols
 An alcohol is any
compound with an
OH group (alcohol
group) attached to
single bonded
hydrocarbons
(alkanes).
Ethanol
Ethanol, when fermented from sugar, is
the alcohol in beverages. It can also be
made from ethene by the addition of water
for nonbeverage use, like an additive to
gassoline to make "gasahol." 2-Propanol
(better known as isopropyl alcohol) is in
(with some water) rubbing alcohol. It is
also used in gasoline to prevent freezing
of the gas line in automobiles by keeping
excess moisture dissolved in the gasoline.
Types of alcohols
 The mono hydroxyl
alcohols can be
classified :
- primary alcohols
- secondary alcohols
- tertiary alcohols
What about more than one alcohol
group?
ethylene glycol
Aka: Ethanediol
 Diols
 Diols are named
systematically as
poly-alcohols, e.g.
HOCH2CH2OH = 1,2ethanediol, so the
same nomenclature
rules as for alcohols
apply.
Diols Nomenclature:
 Diols are named
systematically as
poly-alcohols,
 e.g. HOCH2CH2OH =
1,2-ethanediol, so the
same nomenclature
rules as for alcohols
apply.
 ethanediol
 1,2-propanediol
 1,3-propanediol
 cis-1,2-cyclohexanediol
Alcohols
 Alcohols (R-OH) take the suffix "-ol" with an infix
numerical bonding position: CH3CH2CH2OH is
propan-1-ol. The suffixes -diol, -triol, -tetraol,
etc., are used for multiple -OH groups: Ethylene
glycol CH2OHCH2OH is ethane-1,2-diol.

 If higher precedence functional groups are
present (see order of precedence, below), the
prefix "hydroxy" is used with the bonding
position: CH3CHOHCOOH is 2hydroxypropanoic acid.
Aldehydes
The aldehyde fucntional group is a -CHO
which looks like this:

Ends in -al
Nomenclature
 butanal.
 3-butenal
 2-ethylhex3-ene-4-yne-al.
Cyclo Aldehydes
 For cyclic aldehydes, the
suffix -carbaldehyde is added
to the ring name
 Cyclopentanecarbaldehyde.
Carboxylic Acids
The naming of carboxylic acids is fairly
simple. You simply find the longest carbon
chain which includes the carboxylic group.
Use that as the stem for the name, cross
off the -e on the ending of the alkane
name and replace it with -oic acid
Examples
 Pentanoic Acid
 Draw 2bromohexanoic acid