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Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Basics
More elaborate and bigger than
prokaryotes
 Some live independently, others are part
of multicellular organisms
 Have a nucleus
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Nucleus
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Most prominent organelle
It is enclosed within the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope is made of two
membranes, unique to eukaryotes
“Houses” DNA-extremely long polymers that
encode the genetic information
Giant DNA molecules become visible in the
form of chromosomes as the cell compacts
the molecules to prepare for cellular division
Controls cell activities
Mitochondria
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Worm shaped, ranging in 1 to several
micrometers in size
Enclosed in two separate membranes
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2.
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Inner: is formed into folds that project into the
interior
Outer: smooth
Contain their own DNA and reproduce by
dividing in two
Mitochondria
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Believed to have derived from a symbiotic relationship
between an engulfed bacteria (mitochondria) and an
eukaryotic cell
The site of cellular respiration: the process of taking
glucose and oxygen and producing energy, carbon
dioxide, and water
During this process they create ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) the basic chemical fuel that powers
cellular function
Without mitochondria oxygen would become a poison
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
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Only located in plant and algae cells
Enclosed by a double membrane, as well as have
internal stacks of membranes that contain chlorophyll
The site of photosynthesis: the process of taking
sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water and producing
sugar and oxygen
Believed to have formed the same way as
mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
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Clear thick, jelly-like material (cytosol)
Houses the organelles located inside the cell
membrane
Contains the cytoskeleton fibers: these are
responsible for cellular movement
Function: Protects and supports cell organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Description:
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Network of tubes or membranes
Smooth w/o ribosomes
Rough with embedded ribosomes
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
Function:
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Carries materials through the cell
Aids in making proteins
Ribosome
Description:
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Small bodies free or attached to ER
Made of rRNA & protein
Function:
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Synthesizes proteins
Vacuole
Description:
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Fluid-filled sacs
Largest organelle in plant cells
Function:
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Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes
Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants
Lysosome
Description:
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2.
Small and round with a single membrane
Common in animals not in plants
Function:
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Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
Digests old cell parts
Golgi Apparatus
Description:
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Stacks of flattened sacs
Function:
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Modify proteins made by the cells
Package & export proteins