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Honors Biology: Chapter 7
Cell Structure and Function
EQ: ________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7-1 Life is Cellular
The Cell Theory is a fundamental concept in biology and states:
1.
2.
(biogenesis)
History
In 1665 __________ _____________was one of the first persons to use a microscope to
look at living things.
He discovered that plant material (cork) was made of thousands of tiny chambers
which he called “_______________”.
Anton van ____________________________ observed numerous tiny creatures just about
everywhere he looked and began the science of __________________________.
Two hundred years later several German scientists concluded all ____________
(Matthias Schleiden) and all ______________ (Theodor Schwann) were made of _______.
Improved technology (electron microscopes, TEMs, and SEMs) has allowed us to see
the cell at a level of detail never imagined by these early scientists.
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EQ:__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
All cells have two things in common;
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
Eukaryotic cells have their _______________ material surround by another membrane
(forming a nucleus). These cells tend to be ________________ and more
__________________. Prokaryotes do not have a ___________________ and are usually
smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells.
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
What are organelles?
Most organelles are located in the fluid-like material (_________________) that
surrounds the nucleus.
Examine Fig 7-6 (page 175).
1. What organelles are common to both animals and plants?
a.
b.
c.
2. Name two important structures found in plants but not animals.
a.
b.
The _________________________ is the organelle that contains the genetic information
used to make __________-. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope which consists of
two porous (full of holes) membranes which allow material to enter and leave the
nucleus.
Genetic material is typically spread throughout the ________________ bound to proteins
(__________). During cell division the chromatin _______ to form visible _______________.
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Usually a small nucleolus is visible inside the nucleus.
Where are Ribosomes found?
What is the major function of ribosomes?
They consist of small pieces of RNA bound to proteins.
An internal system of membranes runs throughout the cytoplasm known as the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Rough ER has ____________________ attached to it.
The Golgi Apparatus ___________ the material made at the ER and stores or releases
them. Lysosomes are small packages filled with enzymes use to remove material (old
molecules) from inside the cell.
Vacuoles are used to ____________ material (___________, proteins, etc.) inside the cell.
Energy Transformers
Two of the most important organelles are involved in energy transformations.
__________________________ convert energy stored in molecules like ________and
transform it into a useful form known as _________ (in a process known as aerobic
respiration).
Use the space below to write the simplified equation for Aerobic Respiration:
Mitochondria have their own genetic information and in humans are always inherited
from mom.
_________________________________capture sunlight and convert it into carbohydrates
(_____________________________).
Equation:
Chloroplast also have their own DNA. Lynn Margulis has suggested both of these
organelles existed as _______ ___________ ________________at one time. Eventually
they established a symbiotic (live-together) relationship with eukaryotic cells
(endosymbiotic theory).
An internal network of protein filaments (cytoskeleton) provides support to a cell and
assists in the movement of some cells.
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EQ: Discuss how the structure of the cell membrane is essential to the functions
it must perform.
7-3 Cell Boundaries
There are two major types of boundaries found in cells. The ________________________is
found in all cells and is constructed from a double layer of __________ (lipid bilayer),
________________, and ______________________.
What is the major function of the cell membrane?
The cell wall is made of carbohydrates and proteins (cellulose in plants).
What functions are performed by the cell wall?
Moving Across the Membrane
There are numerous methods used by cells to get material back and forth across the
cell boundaries.
1. _________________________ occurs when material moves from a ________
concentration to a ________________ one. Examples:
Diffusion does not require energy (________________) and will continue until an
equilibrium (equal concentration) is reached.
2. ________________________ (passive) is the diffusion of _____________ across a
_______________________. A membrane can prevent the movement of larger molecules
(like sugar). Use the space below to make diagrams of isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions.
As water moves across a membrane it may cause an increase in pressure
(______________ pressure). This may cause damage to the cell although the cell wall
in plants and bacteria do protect them to a degree.
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3. Facilitated Diffusion (________________________): some materials receive help by the
cell when diffusing across the _________________ (facilitated). This is done by special
protein ____________________ (See. Fig. 7-17).
4. Sometimes a cell wants to move material from a _______________ concentration to a
______________ one (across the concentration gradient). This requires the use of energy
( _________________ Transport) and protein channels (pumps).
5. Large or bulky material is moved across the membrane by surrounding the material
with membranes.
____________________________moves material in while _______________________moves it
out.
Phagocytosis (cell eating) is how your ___________ blood cells attack invading
organisms. Endo or exo?
7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
Some organisms exist as a single cell (_____________________) capable of
performing all the functions necessary for life. ___________________ organisms depend
upon cooperation between __________________ cells that each perform certain tasks.
Analogy: team sports
In multicellular organisms there are increasing ___________________ of _______________
beginning with the cell and then:
1. __________________: groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.
Examples:
2. ______________________: groups of tissues working together. Examples:
3. Organ _______________: groups of organs performing a common function.
Examples:
4. _________________________: complete and entire living things.
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