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Transcript
Section 5-4 Genes, DNA, and Proteins The Genetic Code • The main function of genes is to control the production of proteins – A gene is a section of DNA – DNA is made of four nitrogen bases • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) – The order of nitrogen bases along a gene with code for a type of protein • Every three nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid (the small molecules that make a protein). How Cells Make Proteins • RNA – Made of four nitrogen bases • Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) • Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) – Messenger RNA is a molecule that transfers the information on DNA to the ribosomes – Transfer RNA is a molecule that brings the amino acids to the ribosomes Translating the Code • The Four Steps 1. DNA in the nucleus “unzips” and the Messenger RNA makes a copy (A to U and C to G) 2. Messenger RNA then travels to the ribosomes 3. Molecules of Transfer RNA bring amino acids to the ribosomes 4. Both Messenger and Transfer RNA line up according to the code and the ribosome puts the amino acids together to form a protein Mutations • Damage to the DNA can cause the cell to produce the wrong type of protein. – If a gene that controls cell division gets mutated it can lead to cancer (tumor)
