Download Chapter 6 and 9 - Wando High School

Mid-term Review Sheet
Review Tips:
Leave this sheet blank. Put your answers on a separate page so you can quiz yourself from this handout.
Make sure you can interpret data presented on a graph. Look at graphs in your notes to practice.
Review ALL vocabulary
Review ALL of the Notes
Review ALL class handouts and worksheets.
Photosynthesis
1. The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic raw materials using the energy of the sun is
called __ Photosynthesis. This occurs in the chloroplast (name the organelle). Autotrophs
(plants and some algae) are capable of performing this process.
The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical
2. energy.
3. List the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal of each?
Electron Transport Chain – convert light energy into ATP
Photolysis – use light energy to break apart water molecules to replenish the electrons
used in the ETC
4. List the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. What is the main goal of each?
Calvin Cycle – use the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions to build glucose
5. What is the gaseous waste product of photosynthesis? When does it occur?
Oxygen; photolysis
6. What carbohydrate is made from photosynthesis? How can this be used by the plant?
Glucose; to store as starch, build cellulose to make cell walls, make other sugars
7. Why do plants appear green?
Chlorophyll is the most abundant pigment and it reflects green light
8. What factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, temperature, intensity of light
Cellular Respiration
9. The synthesis of inorganic materials from organic raw materials is called cellular respiration.
This occurs in the mitochondria (name the organelle). What part of this process could take
place if that organelle was not present? Glycolysis (it occurs in the cytoplasm)
10. The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert organic chemical energy (in the form of
glucose) into inorganic energy (in the form of ATP).
11. What are the raw materials of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
12. List the three reactions that make up cellular respiration. Where does each take place?
Glycolysis – cytoplasm
Citric acid cycle – mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain - mitochondria
13. Which reactions in cellular respiration are aerobic? Which are anaerobic?
Glycolysis – anaerobic
Citric acid cycle – aerobic
Electron Transport Chain - aerobic
14. What is oxygen debt?
When the cells of the body do not have enough oxygen to perform the duties requires
(ie. During strenuous exercise)
15. If there is not enough oxygen for your body to build the ATP that it needs, what will it do?
Lactic acid fermentation – perform Glycolysis and then use the pyruvic acid molecules
to build lactic acid and release NAD+ molecules that can power more glycolysis
16. Why would your muscles be sore after strenuous exercise?
Build up of lactic acid from lactic acid fermentation
17. Check the boxes that apply to each process.
Photosynthesis
Stores Energy as glucose
Cellular Respiration

Releases Energy in
glucose

Performs Carbon Fixation

Uses an Electron
Transport Chain


Occurs in Living Cells


Releases Oxygen

Releases Carbon Dioxide
Creates Energy

Neither!
Mitosis
1. What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
2. During mitosis, one cell divides into _______ ___________ daughter cells.
Two identical
3. All __________ cells (non-sex cells) go through mitosis.
somatic
4. How does each half of the sister chromatid pair compare to each other?
They are exact copies of one chromosome
5. Where does the spindle attach to the sister chromatids? What is the other purpose of this
structure?
Centromere; holds the sister chromatids together
6. Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell and in an animal cell.
Animal – a furrow forms between the two new cells and it pinches together to split the
two cells apart
Plant – a cell plate forms between the two new cells that is eventually replaced by the cell
wall
7. What organelle is present in animal cells but not plant cells?
centrioles
8. Name the four phases of mitosis and draw what each might look like.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
9. Describe what happens during each phase of mitosis.
Prophase – spindle forms, chromosomes are visible, centrioles head to opposite poles,
nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase – sister chromatids line up on the equator of the cell
Anaphase – sister chromatids separate and head to opposite poles of the cells
Telophase – nuclear reappears, spindle breaks down, after which cytokinesis begins
10. What controls when a cell starts the process of division (what are the types of signals)?
Chemical control system
Internal signals – cell senses the presence of enzymes produced within the cell
External signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (such as growth factors)
produced by other specialized cells
Physical signals
When cells are packed in too closely, division is turned off
When cells are not in contact with other cells, division is turned on
11. What happens when mitosis occurs out of control? How might the out-of-control growth of
some cells affect the normal cells around them? Why does this over-growth not happen more
often?
Cancer
Healthy cells around the cancer cells could be deprived of nutrients and/or space
DNA’s repair system usually finds and corrects the errors
12. What are Stem Cells? They are unspecialized cells that can become any type of cell in the body.
Cellular Processes
1. What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining the environment necessary for the survival of the cell/organism
2. Give an example of something a cell would do to maintain homeostasis.
Regulating nutrient concentrations, removing waste, exchanging gases, etc.
3. What does selectively permeable mean? How does this characteristic of the cell membrane help maintain
homeostasis?
It means that some substances can pass directly through the cell membrane while other
substances can not
This helps the cell get what it needs and get rid of what it does not need.
4. What are two differences between active and passive transport?
Passive does not use energy and moves materials from high concentration to low
Active does use energy and moves materials from low concentrations to high
5. List and describe the three types of passive transport.
Diffusion – moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permiable
membrane
Facilitation Diffusion - moving materials from areas of high concentration to low through a
semi-permeable membrane with the aid of transport proteins
Osmosis - moving water from areas of high concentration to low through a semi-permiable
membrane
6. List and describe the three types of active transport.
Protein pumps – moving materials against the concentration gradient with the aid of proteins
and energy
Endocytosis – moving bulky materials into the cell by folding the membrane in around the
material and brining it into the cell
Exocytosis – moving bulky material out of the cell by fusing a storage vacuole with the cell
membrane and forcing the material out of the cell
7. Describe the properties of a hypertonic solution.
The solution has a higher concentration of solute outside than inside the cell
8. What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution? What is that called?
Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink, plasmolysis
9. Describe the properties of a hypotonic solution.
The solution has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell
10. What happens to a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? What is that called?
Water would move into the cell causing the cell to swell and burst, cytolysis
11. Describe the properties of a isotonic solution.
The solution has the same concentration of solute as inside the cell
12. What happens to a cell when placed in a isotonic solution? What is that called?
Water molecules will move into and out of the cell maintaining the same concentration, dynamic
equilibrium