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Transcript
Chapter 8: Life’s structure and Classification Living Things What are living things like? • Organism: Any living thing • Can vary in size (bacteria---gigantic oak tree---humans) • Have different behaviors and food requirements Similarities between all living things • They are organized • All organisms are made up of cells (the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the function of life) • They grow and develop • Infant—adult • Organisms change as they grow (development) • They respond • Living things must interact with their environment • Stimulus: Anything that causes some change in an organism. • Response: the reaction to a stimulus-Results in movement Similarities between all living things (continued..) • They maintain homeostasis • Ability of an organism to maintain proper internal conditions despite changes in the environment. • They use energy • All organisms require energy for everyday life functions (staying organized, carrying on activities-finding/making food) • They reproduce • Making their own kind • Living things need to replace those individuals that die What do living things need? • A place to live • Suited to their unique needs (temperature, sunlight, space etc..) • Water • Important functions: transporting materials within a cell and between cells. • We are made up of 60-70% of water! • Food sources • Take in substances (protein, fats, sugars) from other animals • Plants and some bacteria make their own food Cell Structure -What are cells? -What are the functions of each part of a cell? - What is the difference between unicellular and multi-cellular organisms? A little history • 1600’s : Leeuwenhoek made a simple microscopeled to types of microscopes we use today • Discovered cells under microscope – Robert Hooke looked at a cork and saw many empty little boxes—named them cells • 1800’s: Schleiden(plant cell) and Schwann (animal cell): all living things are made up of cells • Virchow: main contributor to the cell theory The Cell Theory • All organisms are made up of one or more cell • The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms – Basic unit of structure and function • All cells come from cells – Divide to form new, identical cells Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell • Prokaryotic: only found in ONEcelled organisms – Cells without membrane-bound structures – Ex: Bacteria • Eukaryotic: – More complex internal structure – Cells with membrane bound structures – Ex: protists, fungi, plants and animals Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Cellular organization - Main structures Organelle: parts of the cell Just Plant Cell Both Plant and Animal Cell Just Animal Cell Cell wall Cell membrane Centrioles Chloroplasts Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi Vacuole Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (Lysosome) • Cell Membrane – – Protective layer surrounding every cell Regulates interactions (what goes in and out) between the cell and its environment • • • Cell structure Description/function Nutrients move in, waste moves out Cytoplasm – – – Gelatin like substance which cells are filled with Where the cells organelles are located Most of cells life processes occur here Nucleus – – contains a membrane, nucleolus, and hereditary material (DNA) Control center(all cellular activities are directed here) Image Bank Eukaryotic Cell Membrane Cell structure Description/function continued • Mitochondria – Powerhouse of the cell-releases energy that is needed by the cell • Golgi bodies – Stacked flattened membranes – Package material for release to the outside of the cell • Vacuole – Membrane-bound spaces – Temporary storage of materials (stores water, waste products, food etc.) Cell structure Description/function continued • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – Series of folded membranes – Transport materials inside cell • Ribosomes – Make proteins Proteins: part of cell membranes and needed for chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm • Chloroplasts (plant only) – Contains chlorophyll Use light to make sugar-food and energy for plants Cell structure/function • Lysosome • Break down & Recycle! • Contain digestive chemicals that break down food molecules, cell wastes, worn out cell parts and viruses and bacteria that enter cell • When cell dies, release chemicals to breakdown cell contents Animal vs Plant Cell Unicellular vs Multicellular organisms • Unicellular organism: – one celled organism (perform all life functions on their own) • Multicellular organisms: – many celled organisms (cells cannot function alone) – Celltissueorganorgan systemsorganism Image Bank Many-Celled Organism