* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nuclear DNA in Molecular systematics Nuclear DNA is double
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA barcoding wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Whole genome sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Human Genome Project wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear DNA in Molecular systematics Nuclear DNA - Nuclear DNA is double stranded DNA located in chromosomes / nucleus of a cell. - 6-30 billion bp per haploid genome in gymnosperm, 250 million to 15 billion bp per haploid genome in angiosperm, 3 billion bp per haploid genome in human. - The difference in genome size is mainly due to the amount of repetitive DNA. Repetitive DNA is distributed throughout the genome. - For example, pine (Pinus stobus) genome contains 75% repetitive DNA and 25% low number single copy DNA. Only 0.1% of the genome is expressed as mRNA. Nuclear DNA - Recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes. - Biparentally inherited. - Mutational rate is high. Molecular Systematics - Nuclear DNA regions commonly used for plant/animal systematics study is nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) including 18S, 28S, ITS and 5S. - nrDNA occurs in high number of copy in the genome, and it experiences concerted evolution. Nuclear Ribosomal DNA A typical plant rDNA repeat unit shown to scale. EST = external transcribed region; ITS = internal transcribed region. Molecular Systematics - nrDNA sometimes is claimed to be problematic in some plant families. - Copies of the ITS regions may display a high degree of polymorphism within plant genomes, and relationships among paralogues can be difficult to interpret at species level. Nuclear DNA in Plant Systematics - Other nuclear DNA regions used in plant systematics are genes AdhC, PgiC, malate synthase, phosphoribulokinase etc. [lowcopy nuclear genes] - These low-copy nuclear gene sequences are found to be informative and provide robust resolved phylogeny. - e.g. in Gossypium, the base substitution of AdhC sequences are three- to sixfold higher than that of cpDNA. Tree length = 277 CI = 0.9206 RI = 0.9415 100 H. subalata 100 H. nervosa Subsection Sphaerocarpae H. dyeri 86 H. pubescens 94 64 62 H. beccariana H. pierrei H. mengerawan H. dryobalanoides 70 Dryobalanoides clade 100 Hopea clade H. sangal H. odorata 100 52 100 H. myrtifolia H. ferruginea 98 18-bp deletion in the PgiC Subsection Dryobalanoides D r y o b a l a n o i d e s Subsection Hopea H. apiculata H. bilitonensis H. helferi H. nutans Subsection Pierrea H o p e a H. wightiana Neobalanocarpus heimii Upuna borneensis Phylogeny based on the PgiC sequences. Outgroup