Download June-2015-Biology-Final-Exam-Review

June 2015 Biology Final Exam Review PART ONE
Cell Division (p. 151-162)
1. How many chromosomes total are in each human body cell? (p. 152)
2. How many pairs of chromosomes are in each human body cell? (152)
3. What are autosomes? How many do we have? (152)
4. What are sex chromosomes? How many do we have? (152)
5. What is a karyotype and what can we tell just by looking at one? (153)
6. Describe the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell. (153)
7. Define Binary Fission. (154)
8. In which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it’s time? (155)
9. List the five stages of the cell cycle in order from first to last. (155)
10. Describe what happens in each of the five stages of the cell cycle. (155)
11. Draw a sketch of what happens in each phase of Mitosis. (156)
12. In which phase of Mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
(156)
13. A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, what
do the two daughter cells look like compared to the parent cell? (157)
14. The cell cycle has ______ stages while Mitosis has __________. (156-157)
15. Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells. (157-158)
16. Define Mitosis. (156)
17. What is crossing-over? (162)
18. Why is exchanging segments of DNA so important during crossing-over? (162)
Gregor Mendel & Genetics (p.173-180)
Part 2
19. Who was the “Father of Genetics”? (173)
20. How did Mendel obtain his Parent “P” generation? (175)
21. What is the probability that a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous
recessive individual will exhibit (have) the dominant phenotype? Show your work in a
Punnett Square. (182)
22. What are true-breeding plants? (175)
23. What did Mendel call his original pure strain of pea plants? (175)
24. The passing of traits from parent to offspring is called…(173)
25. A genetic trait that appears in every generation is called…(177)
26. Mendel’s Law of ___________________ states that the inheritance of one trait had
no effect on the inheritance of the other. (177)
27. Mendel’s Law of ___________________ describes how traits can disappear and
reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation. (177)
28. Mendel’s Law of ___________________ states that alleles of a gene separate from
each other during meiosis. (177)
29. Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype. (180)
30. Describe the difference between homozygous and heteroygous. (180)
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis (p. 196-239)
31. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of…(196)
32. What is the primary function of DNA? (196)
33. Describe the structure of DNA. (196)
34. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of …(197)
35. Draw and label the three parts of a nucleotide. (197)
36. The part of DNA for which it is named is the _________________. (197)
37. Name the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA. (196)
38. What did Watson and Crick call the double stranded structure of DNA? (196)
39. Describe Chargaff’s rule. (198)
40. What are the base-pairing rules? (198)
41. During DNA replication, what does DNA polymerase do? (200)
42. During DNA replication, the original strand of DNA has the sequence CCTAGCT. What
would the complementary strand of DNA be? (199)
43. List the three types of RNA and their functions. (205)
44. How is RNA different from DNA? (205)
45. In RNA, Adenine base-pairs with _____________. (205)
46. Using the chart of codons on pg. 207, what would the sequence of amino acids be encoded by
the following mRNA molecule: CUCAAGUGCUUC? (207)
47. What would the DNA strand be made from the following mRNA strand
CUCAAGUGCUUC? (206)
48. What are the anticodons for the codons CUCAAGUGCUUC? (208)
49. During translation, a ribosome binds to…(208-209)
50. In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the…(208-209)
51. What is transcription? (206)
52. Define codon. (207)
53. What three things can an error in DNA replication cause? (202)
54. The X and Y chromosomes are called the…(236)
55. If females are XX then males are ____________. (236)
56. Which type of mutation happens when a piece of DNA breaks away from its chromosome and
attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome? (239)
57. What is a mutation? (239)
58. Can the effects of a mutation be helpful, harmful or neutral? Explain. (202)
59. Define Genetic Counseling. (247)
60. What is an X-Linked (Sex-Linked) trait? (237)
61. Who is more commonly affected by X-Linked traits, males or females? Why? (237)
62. Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, it is said to be a
________-linked trait. (237)
63. Consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male
Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? What
proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? Create an X-linked Punnett
Square to show your work. (237)
Evolution and Natural Selection (p. 297 – 330)
(Part 3)
64. List a few examples of fossils. (302)
65. Darwin drew his ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on the
_______________ islands. (297)
66. Define adaptation. (300)
67. What was the major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of the
Species? (299)
68. Define Natural Selection. (1100)
69. Natural Selection could NOT occur without…(300)
70. Struggle to Survive is part of Natural Selection. Describe what Struggle to Survive
means. (300)
71. The similarity of homologous structures means that we share a common
____________. (305)
72. Homologous structures in organisms provide evidence that…(305)
73. What is a vestigial structure? (306)
74. The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the
same function. Which type of structures are these? (305)
75. List the 5 types of evidence for evolution. (302 – 306)
76. Does Natural Selection act on genotypes or phenotypes? (300)
77. Define gene flow. (321)
78. Why does speciation occur as a result of geographic isolation? (327)
79. What is genetic variation? (300)
80. What type of speciation occurs when new species arise as a result of geographic
isolation? (328)
81. How is reproductive isolation different from geographic isolation? (328)