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Gene Control of Eukaryote Development Homeotic Genes Type of master gene that controls formation of specific body parts during development • Eyeless gene • Normal • No eyes form if there is a mutation in the eyeless gene • Antennapedia • Expressed in the thorax causes legs to form • Expressed in the head causes legs to form there also • Eyes form wherever the gene is expressed Gene Control of Eukaryote Development Flower formation Whether a plant produces a leaf or a flower is controlled by three floral identity genes (A, B, and C) Switched on by environmental cues (seasonal change, length of night, etc.) Four different tissues form layers of whorls at the tip of a shoot Each produces one type of floral structure The pattern is dictated by sequential, overlapping expression of the ABC genes. A only = sepals A + B = petals B + C = stamens (pollen producing) C only = carpels (ova producing) Gene Control in Prokaryotes Prokaryotic step cells use operons to control multiple genes in one One “switch” is used to turn on or off a series of genes whose products are used for the same overall process lac Operon Used by bacteria to break down lactose a disaccharide found in milk Consists of three genes in tandem which are involved in breaking down lactose a control region Promoter: a binding site for RNA polymerase Operator: a binding site for a repressor protein Gene Control in Prokaryotes lac Operon Lactose isn’t always available Bacteria need to keep the genes turned off when no lactose is available, but turned on when lactose is available Absence A of lactose repressor binds to the operator Makes No the promoter unavailable for RNA polymerase transcription occurs Gene Control in Prokaryotes lac Operon Presence Some of lactose lactose is converted to allolactose Allolactose Changed The binds to the repressor changing its shape repressor protein no longer binds the operator promoter is available for RNA polymerase to bind Transcription proceeds Gene Control in Prokaryotes lac Operon Presence of lactose Expression of genes 1-3 results in the breakdown of lactose As the concentration of lactose decreases, allolactose releases the repressor The repressor binds to the operator again inhibiting expression of the three genes Gene Control in Prokaryotes Demonstration Bacteria of Operon control in prokaryotes can be “transformed” by DNA cloning plasmids that have genes from other organisms Gene Control in Prokaryotes Demonstration Transformation Suspend of Operon control in prokaryotes of bacteria bacteria in Transformation solution Solution helps the DNA to enter the bacterial cells Gene Control in Prokaryotes Demonstration Transformation Add of Operon control in prokaryotes of bacteria plasmid DNA Small circular piece of DNA containing genes and gene control regions Gene Control in Prokaryotes Demonstration Transformation Add of Operon control in prokaryotes of bacteria plasmid DNA: pGLO plasmid Ori: origin of replication which ensures that the bacteria make multiple copies of the plasmid Gene Control in Prokaryotes Demonstration Transformation Add of Operon control in prokaryotes of bacteria plasmid DNA: pGLO plasmid araC: Arabinose operon regulatory protein