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Unit 7c – Protein Synthesis (Part 1) Transcription Chapter 8.4 & 8.5 The Making of a Protein • Proteins are made in the cell • DNA carries genetic information, which includes all the codes for every protein • Protein is made in the cytoplasm ▫ How? DNA gives the code to RNA, RNA delivers information RNA carries DNA’s instructions. • The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins. • Protein Synthesis includes three processes. – Replication – Transcription – Translation • RNA is a link between DNA and proteins. replication transcription translation What is RNA? • Ribonucleic Acid RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. – RNA has a ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose – RNA has uracil instead of thymine. – RNA is a single-stranded structure. Transcription makes RNA inside the nucleus • Transcription copies DNA to make a strand of RNA. ▫ 1st – Replication must occur The section of DNA that carries the code will open up -- 2nd – Free nucleotides find their buddies and makes an RNA strand -- 3rd – DNA section will close back together Transcription in a little more detail • RNA polymerase is the enzyme that helps make RNA. – RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex. – The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment of it. start site transcription complex nucleotides – The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed. RNA Transcription in a little more detail • There are 3 types of RNA. – Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein. (From nucleus to cytoplasm) – Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome. (in the cytoplasm) – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made. (at the ribosome) Transcription vs. Replication • SAME: they both have complex enzymes and complementary base pairing. • DIFFERENT: ▫ Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies a gene. ▫ Replication makes one copy; transcription can make many copies. one gen e growing RNA strands DNA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU