Download Biology Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

Biology Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Section 1
I. Objectives for section 7-1:
Cell Discovery and Theory
A. Relate microscope technology to
discovers of the cell
B. Compare and contrast light and electron
microscopes
C. State the principles of the cell theory
D. Differentiate between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
Section 1
II. Five scientists responsible
Cell Theory
A. Microscope invented in 1600’s
B. In 1665, English scientist, Robert
Hooke was the first to see and
name cells
for
Section 1
1. Saw little
boxes in
slice of cork
that
reminded
him of small
rooms in
which
monks lived
Section 1
C. In 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek,
Dutch scientist, discovered single
celled organisms
Section 1
1. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope
discovers Spirogyra, a single- celled
organism
Section 1
D. 1838 - Matthias Schleiden (German) –
stated all PLANTS and plant parts are
composed of cells
Cytoplasmic streaming in
plant cells
Section 1
E. 1839 - Theodor Schwann (German) stated all ANIMALS and animal organs
are composed of cells
Nerve cells in your brain
Section 1
F. 1858 - Rudolph Virchow (German) – stated all
cells come only from existing cells (NOT
spontaneous generation)
First to see leukemia cells
(in purple)
Section
1
Cellular Structure and Function
G. The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are
composed of one or
more cells
2. Cells are basic unit of
structure and
organization
of organisms
3. All cells come from
preexisting cells
Section
1
Cellular Structure and Function
III. Cell Discovery and Theory
A. Light microscopes utilize
series of glass lenses
and visible light to
magnify images
1. Magnifies living
or nonliving
things up to
2,000 times
actual size
Mite
Section
1
Cellular Structure and Function
B. Electron microscopes utilize
magnets to aim a beam of
electrons at a cell to produce
an image
1. Magnifies images
up to 500,000
times actual size
2. Spider leg --inspiration for
making post-it
notes
Section 1
3. Transmission electron
microcsope (TEM) electrons pass through a
specimen
a. Can reveal a
cell’s internal
structure
b. Only use dead
specimens
Virus Image
Section 1
4. Scanning EMelectrons bounce
off a specimen
(coated in metal),
forming a 3D image
of specimen
a. Only nonliving
samples can be
used
Fly Head and Leg
Section 1
5. Scanning Tunneling
(STM)
Microscopes
a. Charged tip of probe allows
electrons to “tunnel”
through small gaps in
specimens
b. Computer
generated 3-D
images
created
c. Living
objects
(DNA)
and atoms
can be viewed
Silicon Atom
Section 1
Two basic cell types
What differences do you see?
Section
1
Cellular Structure and Function
IV. Two Basic Cell Types
A. Prokaryotic Cell evolved about 3.5
billion years ago
1. Simple structure
2. Contains a plasma
membrane
3. Does not contain
membranebound organelles
4. Example: bacteria
Section
1
Cellular Structure and Function
B. Eukaryotic Cells have a more
complex structure
1. Contains
plasma
membrane
2. Contains
membranebound
organelles
Section 2
I. Objectives for section 7-2:
The Plasma Membrane
A. State the function of the cell
membrane
B. Explain how proteins, carbohydrates,
and
cholesterol play a
role in the plasma
membrane
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
II. Plasma Membrane is a thin,
flexible boundary between the cell
and its environment
A. Allows nutrients into and wastes to
leave the cell
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
B. Selective Permeability: controls
movement of substances into and
out of cell
C. Controls
amount of
substances
entering
and leaving
the cell
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
D. Composed of phospholipid
bilayer
1. Composed of a glycerol backbone, two
fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group
2. Polar (partially
charged) head and
2 nonpolar (no
charge) tails
Section 2
Phospholipid bilayer
Lipid
bilayer
E. Overall
picture
Phospholipid
molecule
Lipid bilayer
makes up the
cell membrane
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
F. Fluid Mosaic Model
1. Bilayer allows other molecules to “float”
in membrane
Transport
protein
Section 2
2. Nonpolar tails on inside do not
allow water-soluble substances to
pass through
easily
a. Allows cell to separate
inside environment from
the outside
b. Proteins are held in
membrane in a
similar fashion
Section
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Cellular Structure and Function
III. Other components of plasma
membrane
A. Proteins act as a support structure
Section 2
1. Receptor proteins transmit signals
inside the cell
a. “intercellular
communication”
Section 2
2. Transport proteins: aid
movement of substances into and out
of cells
Section 2
3. Marker proteins: attached to a
carbohydrate on cell’s surface and
advertise cell type
a. Will
recognize
foreign
invaders
including
transplanted
organs!!
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
B. Cholesterol prevents fatty acid
tails from sticking together
Section
2
Cellular Structure and Function
C. Carbohydrates identify
chemical signals
Section 3
I. Objectives for section 7-3:
Structures and organelles
A. Identify an eukaryote’s
organelles and their
functions
B. State differences
between plant and
animal cells
Section 3
II. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles
that allow specialization and
separation of function within the cell
Section
3
Cellular Structure and Function
A. Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Animal
Cell
Plant
Cell
Section
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Cellular Structure and Function
Animal Cell Organelles
Section
3
Cellular Structure and Function
Plant Cell Organelles
Section 3
III. You will be divided into groups to
present the organelles
A. Must present organelle’s function
B. Must state which type of cell it can be
found in
C. Must be able to respond to and answer
questions about organelles
D. Must present two labeled graphics of
your organelles on a poster
Section 3
E. Categories include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
Nucleus, nuclear pore, and nucleolus
Ribosomes, centrioles, and chromatin (DNA)
Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus and vesicles
Vacuole and lysosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cell Wall, cilia and flagella