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Transcript
CELL STRUCTURES AND CELL ORGANISATION CELLS = BRICKS Have you noticed how workers at a construction site lay bricks to build the walls of a house ? Just as the walls of a house are made of bricks, livings organisms are made of basic units called cells. They form the building blocks of all living organism. • Generally cell can be divided to two types, plant cell and animal cell. • Both animal and plants cells consist of cytoplasm,nucleus and surrounded by a thin layer of plasma membrane. WHAT IS ORGANELLE? The cytoplasm contains structures called organelles. Organelles perform specific functions which enables the cell to function as a unit of life. Besides the nucleus, other examples of organelles include mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles, ribosomes, lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. cell membrane • • • • Refers to all the membranes found inside the cell the membrane at the surface which encloses the content of a cell is called plasma membrane. made of proteins and phospholipids separates the content of a cell from the outer environment. semi-permeable and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cytoplasm. cell wall • Rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells • composed of cellulose,a a tough and fibrous carbohydrate • permeable to all fluids • gives shape to a plant cell • provides mechanical support • protection from rupturing cytoplasm • region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. • jelly-like matrix in which organelles are suspended. • acts a a medium for biochemical reactionsin the cell. • provides substances obtained from the external environment to the organelles. organelles and their functions nucleus • large,dense and spherical organelle enclosed by nuclear membrane • contain nucleolus, chromatin @ chromosome and nucleoplasm • choromosomes carry genetic information • controls all the activities which take place in the cell vacuole • fluid-filled sac surrounded by tonoplast • contain cell sap • plant cell contain more vacuole compared with animal cell • helps to regulate water balance • acts as a storage place in a cell • support herbaceous plant mitochondria • small spherical organelles • involved in cellular respiration • store energy in the form of ATP ribosomes • compact spherical organelles found attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or suspended freely in the cytoplasm • contains two subunits,comprises a type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein • synthesis protein endoplasmic reticulum • physically continuos with the nuclear membrane • two types: rough ER and smooth ER • RER: transport protiens made by ribosome • SER: the site of important metabolic reactions,including synthesis of lipids golgi apparatus • functions as a processing, packaging and transporting centre of carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins lysosomes • membrane-bound sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes • eliminate worn out mitochondria and others damaged organelles • digest bacteria by breaking down the bacteria cell wall centrioles chloroplasts • typically lens-shaped • contain green pigment chlorophyll • chlorophyll traps sunlight and convert light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis