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Transcript
Biology 11 THE Cell Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: •State the 2 types of cells •Relate the structure to function for all the organelles Types of Cells • There are two types of cells: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic What do you remember?? • http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model. htm • Label up your cells!! Cell Membrane • AKA: Plasma Membrane • Confines the cytoplasm • Controls what enters and leaves the cell • Made of a phospholipid bilayer Cell Membrane Structure of Cell Membrane • The fatty acid tails are “water hating” • The phosphate heads are “water loving” • There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane Nucleus • Surrounded by a double layer of nuclear membrane (four lipid layers) • Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli • Recall: the nucleolus makes ribosomes • Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER RER & SER • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Made of cell membrane folded into sacs • There are two types: 1. Rough: has ribosomes attached 2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached RER & SER • RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus • SER: makes lipids, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins Ribosomes • Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm • Are the site of protein synthesis Golgi Body • AKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex • Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane • Receives and exports proteins via vesicles Vacuoles & Vesicles • Membrane bound sacs used for storage • Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles You should be able to describe how these structures work together: DNA mRNA Ribosomes RER Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus Amino acids tRNA Nuclear Pore Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell • Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP) Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only • Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) Flagella & Cilia • Made of microtubles • Flagella: move cells • Cilia: move things past cells Centrioles • Not found in plant cells • Help to organize spindle fibers during mitosis Cytoskeleton • Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles • Moves things inside the cell • Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments Lysosomes & Peroxisomes • Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that act as suicide sacs • Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell Your Turn! • Crash Course Video • Complete the Cell Parts Chart Protein Synthesis 1. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein (RNA) 2. The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA 3. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore 4. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made Protein Synthesis cont’d 5. 5. The manufactured protein enters the ER 6. 6. A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body 7. Golgi repackages the protein for transport 8. A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane 9. The vesicle attached to cell membrane and is release out Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles Protein Synthesis Demo DNA – Hank video! You should be able to describe how these structures work together: DNA mRNA Ribosomes RER Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus Amino acids tRNA Nuclear Pore Diffusion and Osmosis • Diffusion o Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Osmosis o Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis Details • Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell o the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane o No net gain of water into or out of the cell • Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell o the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell o Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks • Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell o the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst! LYSIS!)