Download Biology 11

Biology 11
THE Cell
Objectives
By the end of the lesson you should be able
to:
•State the 2 types of cells
•Relate the structure to function for all the
organelles
Types of Cells
• There are two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
What do you remember??
• http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.
htm
• Label up your cells!!
Cell Membrane
• AKA: Plasma Membrane
• Confines the cytoplasm
• Controls what enters and leaves the
cell
• Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membrane
Structure of Cell
Membrane
• The fatty acid tails are
“water hating”
• The phosphate heads
are “water loving”
• There are proteins
embedded in the
membrane to transport
molecules through the
membrane
Nucleus
• Surrounded by a double layer of nuclear
membrane (four lipid layers)
• Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli
• Recall: the nucleolus makes ribosomes
• Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER
RER & SER
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Made of cell
membrane folded
into sacs
• There are two types:
1. Rough: has
ribosomes attached
2. Smooth: no
ribosomes attached
RER & SER
• RER: processes
proteins and sends
them to the Golgi
Apparatus
• SER: makes lipids,
detoxifies poisons,
drugs and other
toxins
Ribosomes
• Found attached to the RER and floating in
the cytoplasm
• Are the site of protein synthesis
Golgi Body
• AKA: Golgi
Apparatus or Golgi
Complex
• Made of flattened
sacs of cell
membrane
• Receives and
exports proteins via
vesicles
Vacuoles & Vesicles
• Membrane bound
sacs used for
storage
• Formed from ER
and Golgi
Apparatus
Protein Synthesis
A little side-step from all the organelles
You should be able to describe how these
structures work together:
DNA
mRNA
Ribosomes RER
Golgi
Vesicles Proteins Nucleus
Amino acids
tRNA
Nuclear Pore
Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Converts chemical energy (glucose) into
biological energy (ATP)
Chloroplast
• Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only
• Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into
chemical energy (glucose)
Flagella & Cilia
• Made of microtubles
• Flagella: move cells
• Cilia: move things past cells
Centrioles
• Not found in plant
cells
• Help to organize
spindle fibers during
mitosis
Cytoskeleton
• Gives the cell its
shape and supports
organelles
• Moves things inside
the cell
• Made of
microtubules,
microfilaments and
intermediate
filaments
Lysosomes & Peroxisomes
• Lysosomes: sac of
hydrolytic enzymes
that act as suicide
sacs
• Peroxisomes:
transfer hydrogen
and detoxify parts
of the cell
Your Turn!
• Crash Course Video
• Complete the Cell Parts Chart 
Protein Synthesis
1. The nucleus receives a
chemical signal to make a
specific protein (RNA)
2. The DNA message for a
specific protein is copied
into a small molecule
called ribonucleic acid or
RNA
3. RNA leaves through a
nuclear pore
4. The RNA message is
delivered to the ribosome,
where the protein is made
Protein Synthesis
cont’d
5. 5. The manufactured
protein enters the ER
6. 6. A vesicle forms off the
end of the ER and carries
the vesicle to Golgi body
7. Golgi repackages the
protein for transport
8. A vesicle forms off the
end of Golgi to cell
membrane
9. The vesicle attached to
cell membrane and is
release out
Protein Synthesis
A little side-step from all the organelles
Protein Synthesis Demo
DNA – Hank video!
You should be able to describe how these
structures work together:
DNA
mRNA
Ribosomes RER
Golgi
Vesicles Proteins Nucleus
Amino acids
tRNA
Nuclear Pore
Diffusion and
Osmosis
• Diffusion
o Movement of PARTICLES from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
• Osmosis
o Movement of WATER from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration
Osmosis Details
• Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and
outside the cell
o the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane
o No net gain of water into or out of the cell
• Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the
cell
o the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell
o Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks
• Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the
cell
o the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water
moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst!  LYSIS!)