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Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved A CELL is . . . Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html made of MOLECULES ATOMS ___________ MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______ ___________ CELL THEORY CELL SIZE Cells 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) life existing 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells PLANT ANIMAL cells > _____________ BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ WITHOUT a NUCLEUS _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded MEMBRANES by _______________ WITH Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES PROKARYOTES = ________________ EUKARYOTES = _________________ Bacterial Cell http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS & __________________ PROTEINS Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC HYDROPHOBIC Image by Riedell Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Scroll down to animation Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = (either inside or outside of cell) PERIPHERAL _____________ INTEGRAL Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) GLYCOPROTEINS Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif More on this in Chapter 7-3 WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell Cell membranes MOVE! Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLEsmall structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as out & LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ BILAYER NON-POLAR tails facing ________ in MEMBRANE PROTEINS PERIPHERAL •____________________stick on inside or outside surface •____________________go part way or all the way through INTEGRAL GLYCOPROTEINS - recognize “self” • _________________ TRANSPORT • _______________ PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane FUNCTION: SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out CONTROLS what enters & leaves cell ___________ HOMEOSTASIS Helps with _________________ cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS Surrounded by ______________ DOUBLE MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________ ENVELOPE ___________ CONTROLCENTER OF CELL Nuclear ___________ PORES allow molecules in & out CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______) DNA Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. CHROMATIN DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells. CYTOSKELETON Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm • Helps cell maintain shape • Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ MICROTUBULES& _________________ MICROFILAMENTS cell maintain shape; FUNCTION: Helps _________________________ Support; Helps in movement ___________________________________ CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm CENTRIOLES MICROTUBULES Made of __________________________ ANIMAL Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division guide chromosomes apart; Function:__________________________________ MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) DOUBLE Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ DNA Power plant _______________ of cell GLUCOSE Burns ____________ ATP Stores energy released as ______ CRISTAE Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) RIBOSOMES • Made of PROTEINS and RNA • Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg RIBOSOMES Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm RIBOSOMES FREE in cytoplasm or __________ ATTACHED to Rough ER Can be __________________ PROTEINS RNA MADE OF ______________ & ________ MAKE PROTEINS FUNCTION: _____________________ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Has RIBOSOMES attached • Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG • Has NO ribosomes attached • Has enzymes for special tasks SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif •Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: PROTEINS Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi SMOOTH ER for export ROUGH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) Smooth ER: STEROIDS Makes membrane lipids (__________________) CALCIUM Regulates ________________ in muscles TOXINS Breaks down _________________ in liver GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu • Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” stack of pancakes membranes Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances storage from ER for ______________ or export _______________ out of cell It’s ALL connected! LYSOSOMES Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” APOPTOSIS = ______________________ Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells Human tails http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm LYSOSOMES Digestive enzymes Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; Digests __________________________________ APOPTOSIS Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg FLAGELLA Help in cell movement CILIA Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Move cell itself CILIA Move substances past cells http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? CILIA • Many • short Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm FLAGELLA •Few •Long CILIA & FLAGELLA MICROTUBULES Made of PROTEINS called _______________ 9 + 2 organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ MOVEMENT MANY SHORT CILIA =________ & __________ move cells; FUNCTION: ______________________ move substances past cells ________________________________ FEW & ________ LONG FLAGELLA =______ Move cells FUNCTION: _________________ WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? • • • • Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Plant vs Animal cells CELL WALL http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg Supports and protects cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins CELLULOSE Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELL WALL Cell membrane Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy PEPTIDOGLYCAN Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead. VACUOLES Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg • Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif 1 VACUOLES carbohydrates, Storage space for: Proteins, _______________ water, waste plant Huge in __________cells , animal small in _____________ cells, bacteria Not in _________________ CHLOROPLASTS http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg CHLOROPLASTS http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane •Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis • Contains own DNA CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ DNA THYLAKOIDS =membrane sacs inside _____________ Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell Go to Section: WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? • Cell wall • NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE • DNA is circular • No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm See video BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! PEPTIDOGLYCAN _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! More on this in Chapter 18! WHICH IS BIGGER? Plant cell Animal cell bacteria _________ > _____________ > ___________ DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST NO nuclear membrane No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. • Transport cell membranes, homeostasis • Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of major taxa. • Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) recognize that different structures perform different functions identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code define homeostasis; SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. • Transport cell membranes, homeostasis • Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts