* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 13 Spinal Cord
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Psychoneuroimmunology wikipedia , lookup
Central pattern generator wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Neural engineering wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Proprioception wikipedia , lookup
End-plate potential wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Evoked potential wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Microneurography wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Spinal cord wikipedia , lookup
Spinal Cord Reflexes Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Cord Anatomy • Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra • Provides a two-way conduction pathway from the brain to and from the brain • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Internal Anatomy Spinal Cord Internal Anatomy Spinal Cord Input/Output Spinal Nerves • 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the cord at regular intervals (called segments). Except for the first cervical pair the spinal nerves leave the vertebral column from the intervertebral foramen between adjoining vertebrae – the first pair leaves between the skull and the first cervical vertebrae . –Cervical – 8 pairs, C1-C8 –Thoracic – 12 pairs, T1-T12 –Lumbar – 5 pairs, L1-L5 –Sacral - 5 pairs, S1-S5 –Coccygeal – 1 nerve pair Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Lumbar Plexus Sacral plexus Dermatomes Sensory and Motor Tracts Reflex Arc Stretch Reflex Tendon Reflex Withdrawal Reflex Crossed Extensor Reflex Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System - PNS somatic (SNS) sensory motor autonomic (ANS) sensory motor parasympathetic sympathetic PNS: Autonomic Nervous System • Motor subdivision of the PNS – Consists only of motor nerves • Also known as the involuntary nervous system – Regulates activities of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands • Two subdivisions – Sympathetic division – Parasympathetic division PNS: Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Nerves One-neuron; it originates in the CNS and axons extend to the skeletal muscles served Two-neuron system consisting of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons Effector organ Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands Subdivisions None Sympathetic and parasympathetic Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine PNS: Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Effector organs Acetylcholine Skeletal muscle Somatic nervous system Acetylcholine Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic division Smooth muscle (e.g., in stomach) Norepinephrine Ganglion Acetylcholine Epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Acetylcholine Blood vessel Glands Cardiac muscle Parasympathetic division Ganglion KEY: Preganglionic axons (sympathetic) Postganglionic axons (sympathetic) Myelination Preganglionic axons (parasympathetic) Postganglionic axons (parasympathetic) PNS: Parasympathetic Division • Preganglionic neurons originate from the craniosacral regions: – The cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X – S2 through S4 regions of the spinal cord • Due to site of preganglionic neuron origination, the parasympathetic division is also known as the craniosacral division • Terminal ganglia are at the effector organs • Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine PNS: Sympathetic Division • Preganglionic neurons originate from T1 through L2 • Ganglia are at the sympathetic trunk (near the spinal cord) • Short pre-ganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron transmit impulse from CNS to the effector • Neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and epinephrine (effector organs) Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Heart Skin Cranial nerves Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Cervical Lungs Lungs T1 Heart Stomach Thoracic Stomach Pancreas Pancreas L1 Liver and gallbladder Lumbar Adrenal gland Bladder Bladder Pelvic splanchnic nerves Genitals Liver and gallbladder Genitals Sacral nerves (S2 – S4) PNS: Autonomic Functioning • Sympathetic—“fight or flight” – Response to unusual stimulus – Takes over to increase activities – Remember as the “E” division • Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment • Parasympathetic—“housekeeping” activites – Conserves energy – Maintains daily necessary body functions – Remember as the “D” division • digestion, defecation, and diuresis Peripheral Nervous System Flow to the CNS Flow out of the CNS Peripheral Nervous System Integration occurs at many locations along the pathway. stimulus - environmental change sensation - awareness of stimulus perception - interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus Sensory Modalities General senses: somatic and visceral Special senses smell,hearing/equilibrium taste, vision, and hearing Classification of Sensory Receptors • Structural classification • Type of response to a stimulus • Type of stimuli they detect Structural Classification of Receptors Classification by Location 1. Exteroceptors 2. Interoceptors 3. Proprioceptors Classification by Stimuli Detected 1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors 4. Chemoreceptors 5. Nociceptors 6. Osmoreceptors Adaptation Adaptation - generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained stimulus. Rapidly adapting - e.g. pressure, touch, smell Slowly adapting - e.g. pain, body position Somatic Sensations Tactile touch, pressure,vibration, itch and tickle Pain fast and slow Thermal Proprioceptive warm and cold muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors Sensory Receptors Pain Sensations • Nocicceptors = pain receptors • Free nerve endings found in every tissue of body except the brain • Stimulated by excessive distension, muscle spasm & ischemia • Tissue injury releases chemicals such as kinins, or prostaglandins • Little adaptation occurs Types of Pain • Fast Pain (acute) – occurs rapidly after stimuli (0.1 sec) – sharp pain like needle puncture or cut – not felt in deeper tissues • Slow Pain (chronic) – begins more slowly & increases in intensity – aching or throbbing pain of toothache – in superficial and deep tissues Referred Pain • Visceral pain felt just deep to the skin overlying the stimulated organ or in a surface far from the organ • Skin area & organ are served by same segment of the spinal cord. Pain Relief - Analgesia • Aspirin and ibuprofen block formation of prostaglandins that stimulate nociceptors • Novocaine blocks conduction of nerve impulses along pain fibers • Morphine lessens the perception of pain in the brain Receptors - Summary Stages of Sleep Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) Rapid eye movement (REM) Learning and Memory • Learning is the ability to acquire new information or skills through instruction or experience. • Memory is the process by which information acquired through learning is stored and retrieved. • Immediate memory- recall for a few seconds. • Short-term memory- temporary ability to recall. • Long-term memory- more permanent. • Memory consolidation.