Download Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function
5-1: The Cell Theory
The Cell Theory

All living things are made of _________________________

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

____________________________________________________, a Dutch
biologist, was the inventor of the microscope
o Enabled him to see things that no one had ever seen before
The Cell Theory

Van Leeuwenhoek’s work interested other people
o ________________________________ examined slices of cork
o Saw that it was composed of thousands of tiny chambers
o Called these chambers ___________________

Over the next 200 years, other scientists began to discover that cells were not only
found in plants but in other living things too
o _____________________________________—1833—discovered the
nucleus
o _____________________________________—1838—stated that all
plants are made of cells
o _____________________________________—1839—all animals are
made of cells
o _____________________________________—1855—all cells arise from
preexisting cells

The observations of these scientists are summarized into the
____________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function
5-2: Cell Structure
Cell Structure

Enormous variety in the _________________ and ______________________ of
cells

Despite differences in size and shape, there are certain structures that are common
to most cells

The cells of animals, plants, and related organisms have three basic
structures: _______________________________________________, or
boundary of the cell; _____________________________________, or control
center; and ____________________________________________, or material
between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Cell Membrane

All cells are separated from their surroundings by a ________________________
____________________________
o Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
o Aids in protection and support of the cell

It must communicate with other cells, take in food and water, and eliminate
wastes

Composed of several kinds of molecules
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
o ________________________________
Cell Wall

In organisms such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, the cell membrane is
surrounded by a _______________________________
o Helps __________________________________________________ the
cell
o Very _____________________________—allows water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and other substances to pass through
o Made of _______________________________
Nucleus

In many cells we can see a large, dark structure, called the __________________
o Contains _________________

____________________________________ are organisms whose cells lack
nuclei
o _________________________
o ______________________________________________

____________________________________ are organisms whose cells contain
nuclei
o Mostly ___________________________________
Nuclear Envelope

Surrounding the nucleus are two membranes that form the
_______________________________________________________
o Form the boundary around the nucleus

Contains dozens of _____________________________________
allowing substances to flow in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus

Most nuclei contain a small region called the _____________________________
that is made up of ___________________________________________
o The structure in which _____________________________ are made

Aid in the production of proteins within the cell
Chromosomes

The DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is attached to special proteins and
forms large structures called ________________________________________
o Contain the genetic information that must be passed to each new
generation of cells
Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the area between the __________________________ and the
________________________________________

Contains many important structures
Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function
5-3: Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoplasmic Organelles

The structures inside the cytoplasm are generally called
___________________________________

An organelle is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function in the cell
o Each organelle has a ___________________________________
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Power Stations

All living things require __________________________

The _____________________________________ and the
___________________________ are key organelles that change energy from one
form to another
o Mitochondria change chemical energy in food into compounds that the
cell can use
o Chloroplasts trap solar energy and convert it into chemical energy

Mitochondrion
o Contains _____________ special membranes

Outer membrane ___________________________ the organelle

Inner membrane has many folds that increase the
_____________________________________ of the
mitochondrion

Chloroplast
o Found only in _______________________________ and
________________________
o ______________________ membranes

Two envelope-like membranes

Third membrane where the sun’s energy is changed into chemical
energy
Ribosomes: Protein Factories

__________________________________ are the structures in which proteins are
made
o Made of RNA and protein
o Some are _________________________________ to membranes; some
are found ______________ in the cytoplasm
o Among the _______________________________ organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus: Manufacturers and Shippers

Many cells are filled with a complex network of sacs known as the
__________________________________________________, or __________
o __________________________________________ through the inside of
the cell
o Two types:

________________________—no ribosomes attached

________________________—ribosomes attached—involved in
the synthesis of proteins

Proteins are often modified by special enzymes that attach carbs and lipids to
them

In most cases, the proteins are first moved into special compartments known as
the _______________________________________________
o Flattened stack of membranes
o After modification, the proteins may then be released from the cell
**The Golgi apparatus modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules made
at one location of the cell and used at another**
Lysosomes: Cleanup Crews

When a cell encircles a particle, the cell membrane forms a pocket around the
foreign material

The foreign material must now be _________________________________, or
broken down
o ______________________________

Contain ____________________________________ and
______________________________ necessary for digestion

Formed by the _________________________________________

Plants cells do not have lysosomes
Vacuoles and Plastids: Storage Tanks

_________________________________ store materials such as water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates

______________________________ are plant organelles that may take many
forms, one of which is the chloroplast
o Involved in the storage of food and pigments
o Examples:

Leukoplasts—store starch

Chromoplasts—store pigments
Cytoskeleton: Framework

Most cells are capable of some type of movement

_________________________________________ – framework of filaments and
fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement
o ___________________________________________-long, thin fibers that
function in the movement and support of the cell
o ___________________________________________-hollow tubes made
out of proteins

__________________________________________________