Download Unit 3: Microscopes and Cells

Unit 3: Microscopes and Cells
Section 1: Microscopes
Terminology:
Microscope
unseen
objects otherwise _____________ by the naked eye
power ” of the objectives
Magnification total “_________
_________________:
ocular lens
• determined by taking the _________________
multiplied by
objective lens
the _____________________
Microscopy
_______________:using
the _______________ to view small
Field of View is the area that one is able to ___________
observe
________________:
ocular
through the ______________
Storm Tracker (3.1)
Within your groups determine the following
microscopes total magnification.
1. What is the microscopes magnification if the ocular
lens has a power of 10x and the objective lens has a
power of 40x? 400x
1. What is the microscopes magnification if the ocular
lens has a power of 10 and the objective lens has a
power of 10?
100x
Microscope Use
• 5 appropriate steps of how to carry, set up, and use
a microscope at your table.
1. Carry your microscope with one hand on the arm and one
on the base.
2. Place the microscope carefully at the table approximately 13” from the edge.
3. Make sure it is in the lowest power setting on the objective
lens, then turn on your microscope.
4. Find specimen on lowest level then increase to the next power.
*Never use coarse adjustment with high power lens.
Microscope Use Cont…
• How to put away a microscope, 5 easy steps.
1. Place objective on lowest power setting.
2. Move body tube all the way up, and the stage completely down.
3. Turn off light source.
4. Wrap cord carefully around the base.
5. Carry properly to the cupboard.
Microscopes
Structure
Function
Ocular
eyepiece, and has a magnification of
10x
Body Tube
Connects eyepiece to objective
Nose Piece
Rotates between objectives
Scan Lens
Used first and the shortest objectives
Low power
Objective
Medium sized objective: use second
Microscopes
Structure
Function
High Power
Objective
Largest objective with the most
magnification, Used last
Stage
Specimens/slides are placed
Stage Clips
Hold the specimen/slide in place on stage
Base
Support structure and used within
transportation
Diaphragm
Regulates the amount of light used
Light Source
Illuminates the specimens
Microscopes
Structure
Function
Course
Adjustment
Used to raise or lower stage or body
tube, use this knob first
*NEVER use with high power
Fine
Adjustment
Final knob used for focusing
Arm
Used in transportation and
connection piece
Section 2: Cells
• The Cell Theory
Schwann,_______,
Schleiden, and
• Developed by: _______,
andVirchow
_________
• Consists of 3 Main points.
The cell is the basic building block of life
1. _____________________________________
All living things are made of cells
2. _____________________________________
3.
All cells come from preexisting or other cells through cellular
_____________________________________
reproduction
_______________________________________
Section 2: Cells
• Two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic= cell lacking a true nucleus or other membrane
bound organelles
• Examples: bacteria and cyanobacteria
2. Eukaryotic= a cell that contains a true nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles
• Examples:
plants, and animals
Section 2: Cells cont…
What exactly is a true nucleus?
has a nucleus containing DNA and is surrounded
by a nuclear envelope
What are organelles?
Are specialized structures inside a cell that has
its own function in order to aid in the cells daily
activities
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell
membrane
Slime
Layer
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Flagella
Prokaryotic Cell
Structure
Function
DNA
Provides the cell with instruction,
genetic material
Cell
membrane
Thick outer covering that provides
protection and structure (referred to
as the cell membrane)
Slime Layer
Used in locomotion, it is the
protective covering
Ribosomes
create protein
Prokaryotic Cell
Structure
Function
Flagella
Aids in locomotion, a long whiplike structure
Cytoplasm Holds organelles in place, a
jelly-like material
Cilia or
Pilli
Aids in locomotion, small hairlike structures
Animal Cell
Structure
Function
Prepares and packages proteins
Golgi
Apparatus
Nucleolus makes ribosomes
Chromatin Provides instruction for the cell
through genetic information
/ DNA
Animal Cell
Structure
Nuclear
Membrane
Function
Determines what enters or exits
the nucleus
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
(nucleolus, chromatin/DNA,
nuclear membrane)
Smooth E. R. Transport system
(Endoplasmic *smooth= no ribosomes
Reticulum)
Animal Cell
Structure
Function
Rough E.R.
Transport system and makes
(Endoplasmic proteins
Reticulum)
*Has attached ribosomes = rough
Cell
Membrane
Allows/controls what enters or exits
the cell, gives shape and structure
Vacuole
Temporary storage space for water,
waste, and nutrients (animals usually
have small or none)
Animal Cell
Structure
Function
Mitochondria Creates energy for the cell in the
form of ATP
Lysosome
Aids in digestion/break down of
material
*works with vacuole for the cell
Ribosomes
Creates proteins
Animal Cell
Structure
Function
Cytoplasm
Holds everything in place
Microtubules
(Cytoskeleton)
Aid in transportation within the
cell
Microfilaments Provides shape and support
(cytoskeleton)
Centriole
Small spindle that aids in
replication of the cell
Storm Tracker….
• With your partners, brainstorm for a memory clue
that can be used for the assigned structure term for
an animal cell.
• For example:
• Lysosomes: secrete digestive enzymes to help the
vacuole, just like a pacman GULP!
pac man
• Centriole: have holes in the center! These help form
spindle fibers and aid in replication, just like a
swimming tube.
innertube
Storm Tracker…
• Memory clues .
• Microfilaments: are like beams within a tall building that provide
support and structure.
support beams
• Microtubules: act as elevators within a tall building allowing people
to transport from floor to floor.
elevators
*Together these make up a building or cytoskeleton that helps to
support and maintain the cells functions.
Plant Cell
Structure
Function
Microfilaments
Provides shape and support
Makes up part of the cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Holds everything in place
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
(nucleolus, nuclear membrane,
chromatin/DNA )
Lysosome
Aids in digestion/break down of
material
*works with vacuole for the cell
Plant Cell
Structure
Function
Ribosomes
Creates proteins
Microtubules
Aid in transportation within the cell
Makes up cytoskeleton along with
microfilaments
Golgi Apparatus
Prepares and packages protein
Cell Membrane
Allows/controls what enters or exits
the cell, gives shape and structure
Plant Cell
Structure
Function
Smooth E. R.
(Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
The transport system of the cell
*No ribosomes attached = smooth
Rough E.R.
(Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
Transport system of the cell, makes
proteins
*Has attached ribosomes = rough
Vacuole
Temporary storage space for water,
waste, and nutrients
Plant Cell
Structure
Function
Mitochondria
Creates energy for the cell in the form
of ATP
Only in Plants
Chloroplasts
Provides energy/food for the
cell
Cell Wall
Provides shape and structure for
the cell, outer covering
Section 3: Cell Membrane
• Property:
o_____________________
- allows some
Selective Permeability
material
__________
to enter the cell while
out
keeping others ______
Phospholipid bilayer
•Consists of a ______________________
–Lipids=________
fats
–Located between ________
tales
Section 3: Cell Membrane
• ______________
are found within the cell membrane
Proteins
both layers
o extends between ________________,
referred to as
the ____________________
protein channels
*_________________________substances that are
transporter molecules
able to move in and out of a cell
Example: __________________
hormones
Section 4: Transport
• Two types of transport.
energy
Active
1. ________________
– requires _____________,
materials must be approved to enter the cell
against
• Goes ____________
a concentration gradient
• Meaning:
Active Transport
• Divide into _____
2 categories
Endocytosis
into
• ______________:
taking a larger materials ____
the cell
Exocytosis
from
• _____________
: removes larger material ______
the cell
Section 4: Transport
Passive
no energy
2._________:
____________
required,
materials flow freely through membrane
with
oMoves ________concentration
gradient
oMeaning:
Passive Transport
• Can be divided into two categories.
Diffusion
• _____________
: movement of particles
high
from an area of ________
concentration to
low concentration
an area of _____
oMovement continues until particles are
evenly distributed
________________
Storm Tracker (3.4)…
• While review the process of diffusion, please
circle the scenario that best describes diffusion
across a semipermeable membrane.
Storm Tracker (3.4)…
• While review the process of diffusion, please circle
the scenario that best describes diffusion across a
semipermeable membrane.
Passive Transport
• _________:
movement of _________
osmosis
water
molecules from an area of _____
high
concentration to an area of _____
low
concentration
o Movement continues until _______
water molecules
are _____________
evenly distributed
Passive Transport: Osmosis
osmosis
• Three different types of __________
isotonic
–____________
: amount of water
equal inside and
molecules is ______
outside of the cell
Cell Before
Cell After
Passive Transport: Osmosis
• ___________:
more water
hypertonic
molecules are located________
inside
outside
than _________
of cells
Cell Before
Cell After
Passive Transport: Osmosis
hypotonic
• ____________:
more ________
water
molecules are located ________
outside of the
inside
cell than _________of
the cell
Cell Before
Cell After
Storm Tracker….
• Lets review Prokaryotes! Please label the diagram
below within your note packet using the options
G
off to the side.
F
A. Nucleic Acid
B. Flagella
C. Cilia/Pili
D. Ribosomes
E. Cytoplasm
F. Capsule
G. Slime Layer
E
C
A
D
B
Storm Tracker….
• Continue our review of Prokaryotes. Please match the organs or
structures to their appropriate function.
Organelles/ Structure
____
D Nucleic Acid
____Cytoplasm
F
____Capsule
E
____Flagella
A
____Ribosomes
B
____Slime
Layer
G
____Cilia/Pili
C
Function
A. A whip-like structure used in
locomotion
B. Makes Proteins
C. Small hair like projections that
aid in locomotion
D. Instructions
E. Outer covering for protection
F. Supports organs/holds in place
G. Used in locomotion and
protection