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Unit 5: Cells and Body Systems Table of Contents Learning Targets and Study Guide Cell Theory Video Notes Cell Theory Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Cells and their Organelles Reading Cells and their Organelles Cell Organelles Cell Diagrams Learning Targets and Study Guide Learning Target Activity Got it? Still need to work in it? I can provide evidence that all living things are made of one or more cells I can model how each individual cell is composed of parts designed for a specific function I can describe the function of the individual organs systems I can support with evidence how the body is a system of subsystems working together Study Guide 1. List the three parts of the Cell Theory 2. List the characteristics and examples of each Single Cell Multi- Cellular 3. Describe the functions of each organelle Parts of Cell Function Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Lysosome Vacuole Ribosome 4. Describe the function of each organ system Organ System Function Nervous Circulatory Muscular Skeletal Digestive Integumentary Respiratory 5. How do the body systems work together as whole? Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: Cell Theory Video Notes View the video on the “Wacky History of the Cell Theory.” http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-ofcell-theory#watch and answer the following questions. 1. List the three parts of the cell theory: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells 2. Name of the spectacle maker from Netherlands – lived in the early 1600’s Jansen 3. What was this scientist famous for? microscope and telescope 4. Name of the Dutch scientist who made his own microscope Van Leeuwenhoek 5. What famous discovery did this scientist make with his homemade microscope? How did he make this discovery? bacteria on dental scrapings 6. animalcules What did he call his discovery? 7. Name of the English scientist who is credited for coming up with the term “cell” Hooke 8. What was this scientist looking at when he came up with the name “cell?” cork 9. reminded him of cells - the rooms that monks slept in Why did he call them cells? 10. What did Robert Hooke do to make Sir Isaac Newton mad? Hooke claimed that Newton was inspired by his work in physics 11. Why does no one know what Robert Hooke looked like? portrait was misplaced because of Newton 12. Name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800’s Schleiden 13. What discovery was this German botanist famous for? all plants are made of cells 14. Name of another German scientist from the 1800’s that studied animals Schwann 15. What was this German scientist famous for? all animal cells are made of cells 16. What part of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann disagree on? The third part 17. What did Schleiden believe? cells came from Free Cell Formation 18. What did Schwann believe? cells came from preexisting cells 19. Who was right? Schwann 20. Name of the scientist that proved all cells come from other cells Virchow - borrowed information without permission from Remak Cell Theory From your paper notebook, insert the picture/information into the corresponding boxes. Robert Hooke – came up with the term cell after looking at a piece of cork Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Bells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. All cells come from preexisting cells Schleiden and Schwann came up with the cell theory Virchow proved the third part of the cell theory Eukaryotes: plant and animal Prokaryotes Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells From your paper notebook, insert the picture/information into the corresponding boxes. Describe some characteristics of a prokaryotic cell Picture of prokaryote no organized nucleus very small Describe characteristics both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have Both have DNA Both are cells Describe some characteristics of a eukaryotic cell Picture of eukaryote DNA located in nucleus Two types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic Does a prokaryotic cell have a membrane bound nucleus? No Where is the DNA found? Floating around the cell What are examples of these types of cells? Bacteria, virus, amoeba Multicellular or unicellular? Unicellular Does a eukaryotic cell have a membrane bound nucleus? Yes Where is the DNA found? In the nucleus What are examples of these types of cells? Plant and animal cells Multicellular or unicellular? Multicellular Cells and their Organelles Reading The cell is the basic unit of life. There are two types of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are the simplest of all cells, they lack membrane bound organelles (like a nucleus or mitochondrion). Prokaryotes are microorganisms that do everything from make cheese to cause strep throat. Eukaryotes are structurally more complex, larger in size, and have a nucleus. Eukaryotes are broken down into plant and animal cells. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. It is composed of a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. Plant cells and some prokaryotes have an additional layer surrounding them called the cell wall. The cell wall is made of nonliving material called cellulose. The centrioles are a small body located near the nucleus in animal cells. The centrioles are where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrioles divide and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. Microtubules are shaped like soda straws and give the nucleus and cell its shape. The nucleus in the center of a eukaryotic cell is a spherical body containing the nucleolus that makes ribosomes. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis). It also contains DNA assembled into chromosomes. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Materials can move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores in the membrane around the nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, but still contain DNA. The Cytoplasm is the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. All cells, even prokaryotes contain small bodies called ribosomes. Proteins are made here by a process called protein synthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. The ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cistern which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane. The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes. The Golgi body modifies & packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. Smooth ER does NOT have ribosomes on its surface. It makes proteins and lipids that will be exported by the cell. It also controls the Calcium level in muscles and detoxifies poisons, alcohol, and drugs. Chloroplasts are elongated or disc-shaped organelles containing chlorophyll that trap sunlight for energy. Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts. Only plant cells, not animal cells, can make their own food. Plant cells also contain one large fluid-filled sac called a vacuole. Animal cells have a few tiny vacuoles. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell. In plant cells, a large central vacuole takes up most of the space in the cell. Mitochondria are spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections called cristae. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. Both plant and animal cells have double membranes and their own DNA. Cells also contain spherical organelles called lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes. Nutrients are digested by the cell here, as well as, old cell organelles that are going to be recycled. Flagella and cilia help prokaryotic cells move. Cells and their Organelles Use the information from the reading and put the answers to the questions in the column on the RIGHT. 1. At what level of organization does life begin? 2. What are some differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 3. What are the two major types of eukaryotes? 4. What surrounds all cells? 5. What is meant by semipermeable? 6. What 2 things make up the cell membrane? 7. Centrioles are found in what type of cell? 8. Where is DNA found inside a eukaryotic cell? 9. What cell process is controlled by the nucleus? 10. DNA coils tightly in division and assembles into visible _C_ 11. Where are organelles located? 12. Where are proteins made in a cell? 13. Do all cells need ribosomes? 14. The process of making ribosomes is called 15. How does the rough ER differ from the smooth ER? 16. Rough ER is connected to the ______________________ membrane and to _____________ ER. 17. Proteins made by rough ER travel to the Golgi in sacks called _______________. The Golgi body_____________ and ________________ proteins for export out of the cell. 18. Give 3 jobs of smooth ER. 19. What process takes place inside chloroplasts? 20. In photosynthesis, energy from _______________________ is converted to _____________________. 21. What pigment traps the energy? 22. Chloroplasts are found in what type of cell? 23. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are alike in that they both have ____________________ membranes and their own ___________. 24. Food, water, and wastes are stored inside 25. Digestion takes place inside ______________________ containing ______________________. 26. The largest organelle in plants is the 27. What organelle breaks down and recycles worn out cells? Cell Organelles Insert a picture and write the function of the cell part. Cell Part Mitochondria Vacuole Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Wall Picture Function Chloroplasts Golgi Apparatus (Body) Ribosomes Cytoplasm Lysosome Microtubules Centrosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Centrioles Vesicle Cell Diagrams Directions: Insert the diagram of an animal cell and a plant cell and insert it into this document. In the blanks, label the diagram Animal Cell Plant Cell