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CELLS
CELLULAR COMPONENTS
& PROCESES
MODERN CELL THEORY
The cell theory states 3 facts
that scientist know about
all cells.
1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function.
(Keeps things alive)
2. All living organisms are
composed of one or more
cells. (Unicellular or
Multicellular)
3. All cells come from other
cells.
.
There are two types of cells:
1.
2.

Prokaryotic- cells that DO
NOT have a nucleus or other
cell ORGANELLES
Eukaryotic- cells with a
NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLES
REMEMBER YOU ARE
EUKARYOTIC!
 Eukaryotic
Cell (Animal Cell)
 The
parts of a cell that carry
out a function (Jobs) are called
cell ORGANELLES:
 All cells have the following
organelles:
 Cell Membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Ribosomes (Make proteins)
 DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
ORGANELLES
little “organs” of the cell
 Organelles are present in BOTH
plant cells and animal cells
 Carry out cellular functions
(jobs)

Break down materials
 Repair
 Storage

Eukariotic Organelles


Some organelles are only
found in Eukaryotic Cells
(plant and animal cells)
Don’t Forget—all cells have

DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm
Both Plant and Animal Cells
 Nucleus
 Mitochondria
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Vacuoles
Animal Cell
Centriole
Plant Cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Nucleus

cellular control center

Controls cellular activity
contains hereditary material
(DNA in chromosomes)
 self duplicating structure divides when the cell divides

Nuclear membrane

surrounds nucleus allowing
certain materials to enter and
leave
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis in the
cytoplasm
 may be free in the cytoplasm or
attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
In charge of storage, synthesis,
and transport of materials within
the cell
 Breaks down drugs


“HIGHWAY” for cell transport
Cytoplasm
over 80 % water
 “HOLDS” cell organelles in place
 site of most organelles and
cellular chemical reactions

Vacuole
Two Types:


Storage vacuole--store and digest
ingested (eaten) food or stores H2O
Contractile vacuole-pumps excess
water from cells maintaining
homeostasis
Plant
Cells
have
very
LARGE
vacuoles
to store
A LOT of
water
Lysosome


digest bacteria and foods
entering the cell
breakdown worn out cell
organelles
Mitochondria

"Powerhouse of the cell"

“Mighty” mitochondria
carries on cellular respiration – how
are cells use oxygen to make
energy
 Energy=ATP

Golgi apparatus (complex)


usually located near the nucleus
Packages waste & harmful
materials to be sent out of the
cell
Cell membrane


The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLE
(selectively permeable)
Only some things (selected things) can
enter the cell
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELE ONLY
Centriole- looks like spaghetti
 Helps animal cells divide

PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLY
Cell Wall- surrounds and supports
the cell
 Gives the plant cell structure &
support
 Chloroplasts- green in colorcontain the green pigment
chlorophyll which carries on
photosynthesis


Uses the sun’s energy to make food
for the plant
Movement inside the Cell
 The
cell is always exchanging
“things” with what is outside
 Objects such as glucose
(sugar), water, salt and
wastes need to move into or
out of the cell
 There are three types of
movement
Types of movement in Cells
1.Passive transport - movement of
substances through a membrane
from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
o
o
No energy needed (ATP) –
From a crowded area to a less
crowded area
Traveling through the cell membrane
Two types of Passive Transport (no ATP)
Diffusion and Osmosis
The goal of both is to reach
EQUILIBRIUM within the cell
An equal amount inside and outside
the cell (neither is crowded)
Diffusion

When molecules move from an
area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration
Osmosis




The movement of water through a
membrane from a region of higher to
lower concentration
Solute - substance being dissolved in a
liquid (ex. salt)
Solvent - substance doing the dissolving
(ex. water)
Semi-permeable membrane (selectively
permeable)-allows some molecules to pass
but not others

So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is
made with regard to the terms
“solute” and “solvent”. What is
the “universal solvent”?
Types of Movement
2.Active transport - movement of
substances through a
membrane from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration –
o
o
requires energy (ATP)
going into a crowded area
 Exocytosis-
the movement
of a substance
out of the cell
 Endocytosis-
the movement
of a substance
into the cell


Phagocytosiscytoplasm of cell
surrounds and
engulfs particle—
ex. White blood
cell engulfs a
bacteria (antigen)
and kills it