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Transcript
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Early Scientist Robert Hooke: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Schleiden : Schwann: Virchow: What are three components to the cell theory? Cell Size atoms --> DNA --> __________________ --> bacteria -->mitochondria--> Eukaryotic cells Cells must remain small in size due to the ratio of ____________________ and __________________. As the cell increases in size, its surface area becomes too small to ____________________its internal structures._____________________ and other important substances cannot diffuse fast enough. Cells that get too _____________________, may _____________________________. Structural Organization of Cells _____________________________(“GATEKEEPER”) separates the cell from the environment, permits the flow of molecules across the membrane, and contains receptors that can affect the cell’s activities. Composed of _____________________________ Very controlled ______________________________It is everything between the plasma membrane and nucleus This includes organelles, semifluid substance (__________________), and filaments (____________________) Genetic Material provides cellular "_________________________" that controls the functions of the cell 2. In the form of _____________________ (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 3. DNA is universal for all cells, and all living things - evidence of _________________________ 4. ________________________ is the complex of proteins and DNA, it condenses into chromosomes before cell division AP BIOLOGY Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic The Nucleus --____________________________ contains pores for some things to enter and exit -- chromatin is DNA and proteins, when the cell begins to divide, chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes --DNA remains in the_____________________, it sends instructions to the cytoplasm via ________________________ --RNA directs the synthesis of _____________________ on ribosome in the ________________ --_______________________ assembles ribosome within the _______________, ribosome contain the "tools" to construct _____________________ Endoplasmic Reticulum _________________________ (endoplasm means "within cytoplasm", reticulum means "little net" --divides cell into ______________________________ --channels molecules through the cell's interior, like a __________________________ Smooth ER: Rough ER: Golgi Apparatus ____________________________ --flattened ___________________ of membranes --functions in collection, ________________________________ of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere -- front end (_____________) faces the ER, and the back end (____________) faces the cell membrane --unprocessed_______________________ enter the Golgi apparatus, are processed and exit near the ___________________________________ --the folded stacks are called ___________________________ AP BIOLOGY What are the three jobs of the Golgi Apparatus? Lysosome --vesicles that are used to__________________________ --contain high levels of degrading enzymes (to "_________________" means to dissolve) --_______________________________________ --"____________________________“ --digest other particles taken in by ________________________________ --this "food" is stored in food _____________________, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release _________________________ --found in ______________ cells Ribosome _______________________: cell furance --contains its own DNA, support for ________________________Theory --singular is "mitochondrion“ --2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called _________________________ --______________________ has two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space --mitochondria divide before _______________________ they are not synthesized like other cell parts --function to store energy for cell use. Energy is stored in the form of________________ - adenosine triphosphate Chloroplast --only found in _____________________ cells --has its own _________________, like mitochondrion --functions to convert light energy to ___________________ --consists of _________________, closed compartments that are stacked --____________________ are the individual disk shaped compartments that make up the _____________ --___________________-is the fluid surrounded the thylakoids Cytoskeleton Cell is not "just a bag in a bubble". Lots of internal fibers = internal "__________________skeleton". Not rigid like bone; capable of being assembled, broken down in minutes. Allows _____________________________________________________________ AP BIOLOGY Composed of________________________ and _________________________________ Centrioles --usually occur in pairs arranged at right angles --assemble _______________________ which influence the cell shape and movement - part of the cytoskeleton --also function in __________________________, mitosis --only found in_____________________ cells Vacuoles --in plants the vacuoles are____________________ and centralized, storage of water makes the cell ______________________ --in _______________________, they store food, water and other substances (much smaller) How do Cells Move? Through controlled assembly and disassemby of their subunits, __________________ and ______________________ grow or diminish in length, thereby the structures attached to them are thereby pushed or dragged through the cytoplasm Parallel arrays of microfilaments or microtubules actively slide past one another to bring about contraction, as in __________________________ Microtubules or microfilaments shunt organelles from one location to another as in ________________________streaming Movement Flagella: Cilia: Pseudopods: Cell Surface Specialization Eukaryotic Cell Walls Cell walls are _____________________ frameworks for mechanical support in bacteria, protistans, fungi, and plants In growing plant parts, bundles of ___________________strands form the primary cell wall (pliable enough to allow for enlargement) Secondary walls are formed inside the primary walls 25% is composed of ___________________ AP BIOLOGY Matrixes between animal Cell The ________________________ between animal cells includes cell secretions and materials drawn from the surroundings between cells. Example: _____________________________________ o ___________________ embedded in a “ground substance” of modified polysaccharide Cell Junction In plants tiny channels called___________________________ cross the adjacent primary walls and connected the cytoplasm Animal cells display three types of junction: o __________________________: occur between cells of epithelial tissues in which cytoskeletal strands of one cells fuse with strands of neighboring cells causing an effective seals o __________________________: are like spot welds at the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells that need to be held together during stretching as in the skin and heart. o ____________________________: are small, open channels that directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells Cell Communication ___________________ and________________________ allow cells to change their activities Example: ________________________ Hormones- Prokaryotic Cells “____________________________________” Indicates existence of bacteria before evolution of cells with a nucleus; bacterial DNA is clustered in a distinct region of the cytoplasm (_______________________) Bacteria : Bacterial __________________________project from the membrane and permit rapid movement Rigid ____________________________ supports cell and surrounds the plasma membrane which regulates transport into and out of the cell _____________________________, protein assembly sites, are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm AP BIOLOGY Cell Diagram