Download AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Early Scientist

AP BIOLOGY
Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function
Early Scientist
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Robert Hooke:
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
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Schleiden :
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Schwann:
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Virchow:
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What are three components to the cell theory?
Cell Size
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atoms --> DNA --> __________________ --> bacteria -->mitochondria--> Eukaryotic cells
Cells must remain small in size due to the ratio of ____________________ and __________________.
As the cell increases in size, its surface area becomes too small to ____________________its internal
structures._____________________ and other important substances cannot diffuse fast enough. Cells that get
too _____________________, may _____________________________.
Structural Organization of Cells
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_____________________________(“GATEKEEPER”) separates the cell from the environment, permits the flow
of molecules across the membrane, and contains receptors that can affect the cell’s activities.
Composed of _____________________________
Very controlled
______________________________It is everything between the plasma membrane and nucleus
This includes organelles, semifluid substance (__________________), and filaments (____________________)
Genetic Material
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provides cellular "_________________________" that controls the functions of the cell
2. In the form of _____________________ (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
3. DNA is universal for all cells, and all living things - evidence of _________________________
4. ________________________ is the complex of proteins and DNA, it condenses into chromosomes before cell
division
AP BIOLOGY
Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
The Nucleus
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--____________________________ contains pores for some things to enter and exit
-- chromatin is DNA and proteins, when the cell begins to divide, chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes
--DNA remains in the_____________________, it sends instructions to the cytoplasm via
________________________
--RNA directs the synthesis of _____________________ on ribosome in the ________________
--_______________________ assembles ribosome within the _______________, ribosome contain the "tools"
to construct _____________________
Endoplasmic Reticulum
_________________________ (endoplasm means "within cytoplasm", reticulum means "little net"
--divides cell into ______________________________
--channels molecules through the cell's interior, like a __________________________
Smooth ER:
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Rough ER:
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Golgi Apparatus
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____________________________
--flattened ___________________ of membranes
--functions in collection, ________________________________ of molecules made in the cell and used
elsewhere
-- front end (_____________) faces the ER, and the back end (____________) faces the cell membrane
--unprocessed_______________________ enter the Golgi apparatus, are processed and exit near the
___________________________________
--the folded stacks are called ___________________________
AP BIOLOGY
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What are the three jobs of the Golgi Apparatus?
Lysosome
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--vesicles that are used to__________________________
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--contain high levels of degrading enzymes (to "_________________" means to dissolve)
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--_______________________________________
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--"____________________________“
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--digest other particles taken in by ________________________________
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--this "food" is stored in food _____________________, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release
_________________________
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--found in ______________ cells
Ribosome
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_______________________: cell furance
--contains its own DNA, support for ________________________Theory
--singular is "mitochondrion“
--2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called
_________________________
--______________________ has two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space
--mitochondria divide before _______________________ they are not synthesized like other cell parts
--function to store energy for cell use. Energy is stored in the form of________________ - adenosine
triphosphate
Chloroplast
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--only found in _____________________ cells
--has its own _________________, like mitochondrion
--functions to convert light energy to ___________________
--consists of _________________, closed compartments that are stacked
--____________________ are the individual disk shaped compartments that make up the _____________
--___________________-is the fluid surrounded the thylakoids
Cytoskeleton
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Cell is not "just a bag in a bubble". Lots of internal fibers = internal "__________________skeleton". Not rigid
like bone; capable of being assembled, broken down in minutes. Allows
_____________________________________________________________
AP BIOLOGY
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Composed of________________________ and _________________________________
Centrioles
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--usually occur in pairs arranged at right angles
--assemble _______________________ which influence the cell shape and movement - part of the cytoskeleton
--also function in __________________________, mitosis
--only found in_____________________ cells
Vacuoles
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--in plants the vacuoles are____________________ and centralized, storage of water makes the cell
______________________
--in _______________________, they store food, water and other substances (much smaller)
How do Cells Move?
Through controlled assembly and disassemby of their subunits, __________________ and
______________________ grow or diminish in length, thereby the structures attached to them are thereby pushed
or dragged through the cytoplasm
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Parallel arrays of microfilaments or microtubules actively slide past one another to bring about contraction, as in
__________________________
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Microtubules or microfilaments shunt organelles from one location to another as in
________________________streaming
Movement
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Flagella:
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Cilia:
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Pseudopods:
Cell Surface Specialization
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Eukaryotic Cell Walls
Cell walls are _____________________ frameworks for mechanical support in bacteria, protistans, fungi, and
plants
In growing plant parts, bundles of ___________________strands form the primary cell wall (pliable enough to
allow for enlargement)
Secondary walls are formed inside the primary walls
25% is composed of ___________________
AP BIOLOGY
Matrixes between animal Cell
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The ________________________ between animal cells includes cell secretions and materials drawn from the
surroundings between cells.
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Example: _____________________________________
o
___________________ embedded in a “ground substance” of modified polysaccharide
Cell Junction
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In plants tiny channels called___________________________ cross the adjacent primary walls and connected
the cytoplasm
Animal cells display three types of junction:
o __________________________: occur between cells of epithelial tissues in which cytoskeletal strands of
one cells fuse with strands of neighboring cells causing an effective seals
o __________________________: are like spot welds at the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells that
need to be held together during stretching as in the skin and heart.
o ____________________________: are small, open channels that directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent
cells
Cell Communication
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___________________ and________________________ allow cells to change their activities
Example: ________________________
Hormones-
Prokaryotic Cells
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“____________________________________”
Indicates existence of bacteria before evolution of cells with a nucleus; bacterial DNA is clustered in a distinct
region of the cytoplasm (_______________________)
Bacteria :
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Bacterial __________________________project from the membrane and permit rapid movement
Rigid ____________________________ supports cell and surrounds the plasma membrane which regulates
transport into and out of the cell
_____________________________, protein assembly sites, are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm
AP BIOLOGY
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Cell Diagram