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Transcript
Concentration Gradient, Osmosis, and Diffusion What is concentration? Not this concentration! What is a Gradient? Concentration Gradient Evenly Concentrated Concentration gradient is when the substance stays in one area more, than in another area (unequal distribution). Unevenly Concentrated The process of diffusion and osmosis help to even out the concentration gradient. Diffusion! Diffusion is the movement of PARTICLES or substances from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equilibrium. What is Equilibrium????? Diffusion Diffusion Osmosis! Is when WATER molecules go through a semi-permeable membrane (cell membrane) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis & Diffusion How are they similar???? How are they different? Solutions & Water Water will move in and out of a cell to find balance. This balance is also called equilibrium. Types of Solutions Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution These solution all focus on the movement of WATER. The water will move from HIGH to LOW concentration. Video (2:04) Isotonic Solution •A solution has an equal amount of solute inside and outside of the cell. •When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. Hypertonic Solution • A solution where there is more solute (particles) outside the cell than inside. • When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel up. Hypotonic Solution • A solution where there is more solute (particles) inside the cell than inside. • When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode Hypotonic Plant Cells Water will fill the cell. It will NOT explode. The cell wall prevents the plant cell from rupturing. Hypotonic Animal Cells Water will fill the cell. It will explode if it gets too full. Animal cells do not have the structure that the cell wall provides. Additional Video Part 2 then Diffusion http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/diffusion_1.png http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif In Diffusion molecules move FROM A LOT _______“where there’s _______” ____“where there’s _______” to NOT DIFFUSION across a space Happens anytime there is a DIFFERENCE __________ in concentration in one place compared to another Concentration gradient = ________________________ DIFFUSION DOWN Molecules move automatically _______ the from concentration gradient _______ an area of Higher _______ concentration ____ to an area of Lower ________ concentration • EXAMPLES Strong perfume Someone baking cookies DIFFUSION Diffusion continues until the concentration is equal everywhere ________________ in space = ________________________ Equilibrium http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/diffusion_1.png DIFFUSION IN YOUR CELLS : Take a deep breath . . . DIFFUSION automatically moves oxygen from HIGHER concentration (in lungs) to a LOWER concentration (in blood) CO2 automatically moves from where there is a HIGHER concentration (in blood) to where there is a lower concentration (in lungs) http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case2/2_2.html http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol22000/10Biomembranes/images/membrane.gif DIFFUSION PASSIVE _ • No energy required = ______ • Moves _______ concentration gradient from higher to lower. DOWN • Works for any molecules that can pass through the membrane . • Example of molecules that move this way in cells: OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE ________ & ____________ What does the word facilitate mean? FACILITATED DIFFUSION membrane proteins to help uses _______________ molecules cross a membrane. 2 kinds of proteins help: Carriers Channels _________ & ____________ Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif Facilitated Diffusion with CARRIER PROTEINS Animation from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif Carrier protein grabs molecule, changes shape, and flips across to other side like a revolving door http://www.gobananas.co.uk/edinburgh-stag-party/enquiry/index.htm FACILITATED DIFFUSION with CHANNELS http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/voltgate.htm Membrane proteins create a tunnel through which molecules can pass Passive Transport •Passive Transport moves substances from high to low concentration •Passive Transport does NOT require any energy to move substances Examples include: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion A problem for CELLS Diffusion only moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration and this happens very slowly. From Low to High What if cell needs to move a AGAINST the molecule _________ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT? (LOWER HIGHER) _______________ Cell example: Want to put MORE glucose into mitochondria when there is already glucose in there Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg What if cell needs to move FAST molecules really _______? (can’t wait for it to diffuse) Cell example: Movement of Na + & K+ ions required to send nerve signals http://www.steve.gb.com/images/science/neuron.png WAY to Cells need a ____ HELP molecules across ____ cell membranes that can’t go across by _______ themselves ___________. The way is Active Transport Active Transport •Active Transport DOES require energy to move substances •It moves substances from LOW to HIGH concentration Types of Active Transport • PUMPS ________________________________________ •Sodium-Potassium __________________________________ •Proton ________________________________ •Vesicles ___________________________________ •Endocytosis ________________________________ Phagocytosis ________________________________ •Exocytosis Na+ and K + PUMP http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm See a movie about Na+ - K+ pump PROTON PUMP Moves Protons across membrane + H = ___ ions See a movie proton pump ACTIVE TRANSPORT with VESICLES VESICLES ___________ are small membrane sacs that pinch off of cell membranes used by cells for transporting molecules Used for transporting molecules: ENDOCYTOSIS If entering the cell = ______________ EXOCYTOSIS If exiting the cell = _______________ http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/exocy.htm ENDOCYTOSIS http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html Protist eating another http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20nine/ 2 KINDS of ENDOCYTOSIS for taking substances into cell If taking in: PINOCYTOSIS fluid or small molecules =_________________ PHAGOCYTOSIS large particles or whole cells =______________ Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/endocytb.htm PHAGOCYTOSIS White blood cell germs ___________ destroying _______ WHITE BLOOD CELL ENGULFING BACTERIA (Phagocytosis) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x28.jpg Video: http://www.southtexascollege.edu/tdehne/BC_ShockwaveAnimations/07SWF-TourOfTheCell/07-16-EndomembraneSystem.swf GOLGI BODIES USE EXOCYTOSIS Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie Osmosis VOCAB _____________ = substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution SOLUTE _____________ = substance in which a solute is dissolved SOLVENT Use new vocab to make Kool-aid Kool-Aid Powder Solute = ______________ Water Solvent = ____________ solution Kool-aid drink = ______________ http://www.makash.ac.il/h_school/hst/hstsb/chem/luach/dissolve.jpg Solute Concentration Lower outside than inside Equal outside and inside HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC Greater outside than inside HYPERTONIC VACUOLES store WATER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html OSMOTIC PRESSURE _____________________________ = Pressure exerted by the movement of water during osmosis http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/aplantturgor.gif Plant cells CELL WALL _____ keeps plant cells from bursting ___________ = PLASMOLYSIS Grocery stores spray water on their veggies to “plump them up” http://www.painetworks.com/photos/gt/gt0461.JPG http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/bloodcells.gif Animal cells SO WHAT? Bath water is ________________ hypotonic compared to you Sitting in the bathtub causes your fingers and toes to wrinkle up when water ________ enters your skin cells by osmosis