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Gene Expression SEC 25.2 PG 510-516 Rapid Review… Last Class: DNA & Replication What enzyme is used in STEP 1? What do it do & accomplish? What happens in Step 2? Where do these materials come from What enzyme is in step 3? What does it join up? Why is the process “semiconservative”? Replication Video Why must DNA Replication occur? What’s the link between the images to follow and the words DNA…. GENE… PROTEIN… AMINO ACID… BEGIN WITH I WONDER… Let’s Take another look "Parenthood is about raising and celebrating the child you have, not the child you thought you would have. It's about understanding that he is exactly the person he is supposed to be. And that, if you're lucky, he just might be the teacher who turns you into the person you are supposed to be.” -Joan Ryan Ava’s health quirks are due to an eight base-pair deletion (c.1547_1554del8) on her CDKL5 Gene This Is called the CDKL5 disorder& is also refered to Atypical Rett Syndrome . CDKL5 is a kinase gene which are regulators of cell function UGG Must be… U: uracil G: guanine G: guanine MUST BE RNA! PKU Loss of mental functioning Due to faulty enzyme Unable to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine Cannot break down proteins Translation The message in DNA is copied into RNA then must be TRANSLATED into the order of amino acids Mutations Changes in the order of amino acids can be Good Bad No effect Abinism: faulty enzyme, cannot covert tyrosine into melanin Result: No Natural pigment in skin The Genetic Code Gene: a short section of DNA that codes for a protein Codes for the order of amino acids Genes The order of bases in DNA codes for amino acids The bases can be re- arranged to make 20 different amino acids! Every 3 bases code for 1 specific amino acid HOW? PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS CODONS WORDS SENTENCES CODONS A group of 3 bases that code for an amino acid Example: AUG codes for methionine. Amino Acids and Codons 50 Cents favourite codon: UAG Gene Expression: From DNA RNA Protein Simplified Overview: DNA unwinds 2. an RNA copy of the gene is made 3. RNA leaves the nucleus & carries the message into the cytoplasm 4. RNA attaches to a ribosome 5. Code is “read” & “translated” into amino acids 6. The correct order of amino acids are brought to ribosome. 7. Amino acids join up = PROTEIN TADAAAA!!!! 1. Three Types of RNA needed to make a Protein: 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries the code from DNA in the nucleus out to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Forms one of the 2 subunits needed to make up a ribosome site where polypeptides (proteins) are made 3.Transfer RNA (tRNA) Brings the amino acids to the ribosome Helps translate the message! Made of a single RNA Strand folded in “t shape” Picks up & binds Amino acids on one end Attaches to mRNA at other end Understanding the Details… 2 main events: I. TRANSCRIPTION II. TRANSLATION I. Transcription:“to make a close copy” makes an RNA molecule that is complimentary to the DNA segment DNA sequence: AAGCT RNA complimentary sequence: UUCGA ENZYME: RNA polymerase splits apart the DNA and joins the RNA nucleotides together mRNA is made & exits the nucleus! transcription LAST CLASS: TODAY: Transcription! Translation! One thing to add… re: transcription PROCESSING of mRNA There are some “non-coding” regions on the DNA/mRNA copies Introns: sections that don’t code for genes Introns are removed before mRNA leaves the nucleus mRNA contains only EXONS: codons for proteins that will be “expressed” II. Translation:“to put info into a different language” mRNA message is translated into a protein! II. Translation II. Translation: “to put info into a different language” Amino acids are brought to ribosome by tRNA & form a growing polypeptide REQUIREMENTS: Ribosome mRNA, Amino rRNA & tRNA acids What do you see in this picture? Detailed Steps of Translation Initiation: I. • The codon “AUG” ( methionine) occurs on the mRNA strand and signals START • tRNA- brings the correct amino acid to the mRNA strand • tRNA attaches to mRNA at it’s anticodon ANTICODON: • Area at bottom of tRNA • 3 bases that are complementary to mRNA • Binding site to mRNA Enzyme: tRNA- synthase • Helps join correct amino acid to tRNA • Requires ATP Amino Acid tRNA synthetase helps bind the amino acid to the tRNA molecule tRNA Anticodon mRNA strand codon Understanding Codes… DNA: AGCTTGCAA mRNA: UCGAACGUU ANTI-CODONS: A G C U U G C AA Amino Acids? p511 serine, asparagine, valine II. Elongation one amino acid at a time is added Polypeptide gets longer Each ribosome has space for 2 tRNAs at once III. Termination “STOP” “Cut codon (UAA, UGA or UAG) is read n Release” Enzyme cuts polypeptide off Ribosome separates & falls off mRNA