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Cellular Structure & Function Name:___________________________________________Period:_____Date:____________ _______ – the basic unit of life! I. Basic HISTORY: • _________________living thing-from the tiniest bacterium to the largest whale-are made of one or more cells! • Before the seventeenth century, no one knew that ____________existed. • Most cells are too __________to be seen with the______________________. • Not discovered until after the invention of the_____________________ in the early 17th century. II. IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS: • A Dutch drapery storeowner________________________________, became the __________ person to OBSERVE and DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and LIVING CELLS. • 1665: the English Scientist ________________________________used a microscope to examine a thin slice of ___________and described it as consisting of "a great many little boxes". It was after his observation that Hooke called what he saw "cells". They looked like "little boxes" and reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived. So he called them "____________". • 1824: the French scientist Henri Dutrochet concluded that ____________and ____________ tissue were always made up of cells • 1831: Robert Brown named the _____________________ • In 1838: German Botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all__________ are made of cells • 1839: German Zoologist Theodor Schwann reported that ___________are also made of cells • 1845: Felix Dujardin- studied the living cell and noted it contained a material called________________________. • In 1855: German Physician Rudolf Virchow induced that ALL cells come from __________________cells. • The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make up what is now known as the modern_______________________. 1 III. The Cell Theory Consists of 3 Principles: 1. All living things are _______________of one or more____________. 2. __________are the basic units of ____________and ___________in an organism. 3. Cells come __________from the _________________of_____________________ cells. IV. TWO TYPES of CELLS: 1. _______________________________= cell that contain a ___________________and ___________________________________________ ~Ex: ____________,fish, mammals, _____________and ______________ 2. ____________________________= cell that ______________a _________________and ___________________________________________ ~Ex: _____________________organisms such as __________________and their relatives V. CELL DIVERSITY: • Not all cells are_____________. • Cells within the same organism show enormous diversity in___________, __________, and ____________________________. o Your body contains at least ___________different cell types! VI. CELL SIZE: • A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by the ______________eye. o ____________________is the_________________ cell in the body, and can be seen without the aid of a microscope. • Most cells are visible only with a____________________. • Most cells are small for 2 reasons: 1. Cells are limited in size by the _____________between their _____________________ and their _________________. • As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases much faster than its surface area. (see picture below) 2 2. The cell’s nucleus (the brain) can only control a certain amount of living, active cytoplasm. VII. CELL SHAPE: • ________________of shapes. • The ______________of the cell depends on its ___________________ • Ex: _________________that carry information from your toes to your brain are long and threadlike. • Ex: ____________________are shaped like round disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels. VIII. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION: • ________________________are made up of many cells, each of which is specialized to perform a distinct function. o Digestion, movement, respiration, filtering, etc… • ____________________DO NOT carry out ALL life functions, but rather depend on each other • ______________= a group of cells functioning together to perform and activity o Ex: muscle and nerve tissues o Ex: Plant tissues = stem and root • _____________________= groups of two or more tissues that function together o Stomach, leaf of a plant o Cooperation among organs makes life functions within an organism efficient • SUMMARY: _________________________________ 3 I. MAINTAINING BALANCE How do cells maintain balance? • Cells need to maintain a balance by controlling material that move in & out of the cellÆ____________________________ • ___________molecules like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can move in and out of the cell ________________. • ____________molecules like proteins and carbohydrates ____________ • ________________________ II. STRUCTURE of the PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE • All cells are surrounded by a _________________________ • Functions like a GATE, controlling what ____________and __________________the cell. • The cell membrane is ______________________or selectively permeable. • A _____________________________________only allows certain molecules to pass through o Some substances easily cross the membrane, while others cannot cross at all. • Made of a thin layer of _______________and _____________________ o Made mostly of _______________________molecules (Phosphate + Lipid). Phospholipids are a kind of lipid that consists of 2 FATTY ACIDS (_____________), and PHOSPHATE GROUP (_____________). • Cell membranes consist of TWO phospholipid layers called a ____________________________ Cytoplasm • Water molecules surround ______________sides of the cell membrane. o Polar ________________________sticking TOWARD the water (______________________) o Nonpolar________________________pointing AWAY from the water (__________________) 4 Cytoplasm • The cell membrane is constantly being _____________and __________________________in living cells. III. LIPID BILAYER • Moving with and among the phospholipids are cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. • ________________________________________: o Nonpolar, found among the phospholipids to help prevent the fatty acid tails from _________________________together o Helps w/ structure and homeostasis • ______________________________________: o Found on the surface of the plasma membrane = _______________________signals to the inside of cell o Embedded in the plasma membrane = structure and support of cells shape, and __________________________large substance in and out of the cell • ___________________________________________: o Attached to proteins, helps cells identify ___________________________________ Ex: help disease fighting cells recognized and attack a potentially harmful cell 5 Ö All particles move and have ____________________energy (energy of motion). Ö Movement is_________________ and usually in a _____________________________. Cells are mostly made of water and there is a constant flow of ions and particles. IV. 2 TYPES OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT 1. ___________________________________= movement of molecules across the membrane by using the molecules ___________________energy. The cell exerts _______energy! 2. ___________________________________= transport of materials against the concentration gradient and requires_________________________. V. PASSIVE TRANSPORT • 3 types of passive transport: 1. ______________________= the net movement of _________________ from an area of _________________concentration of particles to an area of _______________concentration of particles. o Molecules move ______________until they are _________________distributed. o Diffusion continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout. o ________________________________= continual movement but no overall change in concentration; - Movement of materials into and out of the cell at equal rates maintains its dynamic equilibrium with its environment. 6 o Diffusion depends on the ___________________________. - 2. ______________________________is the difference between the concentration of a particular molecule in one area and the concentration in an adjacent area. o Ex: gas exchange in the lungs (oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air) ____________________________________= type of passive transport that increases the rate of diffusion with the use of ____________________________. o Ex: Facilitated diffusion of glucose 3. _________________= the diffusion of _____________________ molecules from an area of HIGH water concentration to an area of LOW water concentration. • Occurs in response to the concentration of solutes dissolved in water! o ________________are dissolved substances in a solution. Cytoplasm is mostly ____________containing many dissolved________________. • Because ______TWO molecules can occupy the same space at the same time, the MORE solutes there are in a certain volume of___________; the FEWER water molecules there can be in the same volume. • Plant and animal cells behave differently b/c plant cells have a large water __________________________and a ______________________________. • Ex: Osmosis occurring in a slug (animal) cell 7 A. _________________________= a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) is the ______________as the concentration of solutes inside the cell. • Osmosis ____________________occur since a concentration gradient is not established! ⇒ What happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution? • _________________________–becomes _____________(limp) o plant wilts b/c no net tendency for water to enter • ________________________- normal Osmosis in plant cells Cell Animal Cell and animalPlant B. ___________________________________= a solution in which the concentration of solutes is _________________than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. ⇒ What happens to cells when placed in a hypotonic solution? • __________________________- water will move thru plasma membrane into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and the internal pressure increases. o Cell ____________ (bursts)! • ______________________- normal o the vacuole and cytoplasm increase in volume. o the cell membrane is pushed harder against the cell wall causing it to stretch a little. o the plant tissue becomes stiffer (_____________). 8 C. ________________________________= a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is _________________than the concentration inside the cell. ⇒ What happens to cells when placed in a hypertonic solution? • ____________________- will _______________b/c of decreased turgor pressure • ____________________- will lose water from ______________and a decrease in turgor pressure will occur; so it is____________________. o ____________________= internal pressure of a cell due to water held there by osmotic pressure o ________________________ = the loss of turgor pressure causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall o causes the plant to ___________ D. Summary of Cell Behavior in Different Environments: 9 VI. ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Movement of molecules from an area of ________to an area of ______________concentration. (opposite of passive transport!) • REQUIRES__________________________! • Moves large, complex molecules such as proteins across the cell membrane • Large molecules, food, or fluid droplets are packaged in membrane-bound sacs called ____________ • 2 types of active transport: 1. _____________________ = process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment o Used by ameba to feed & white blood cells to kill bacteria 2. __________________________= expels materials out of the cell, reverse of endocytosis • used to remove _______________________________________________________ • Proteins made by ribosomes in a cell are packaged into transport vesicles by the Golgi Apparatus • Transport vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and then the proteins are secreted out of the cell (ex: insulin) Summary Of The Types Of Transport: 10 Summary of the Organelles Organelles Appearance Location Function -Large, oval -varies -Control center for all cell functions -Clear fluid -Inside cell membrane -Suspends organelles; site of chemical reactions -Round structure inside nucleus -Inside the nucleus -Site of RNA synthesis -Produces ribosomes -Surrounds cell -Plant: inside cell wall -Animal: outer layer -Semipermeable -Composed of lipids & proteins -Control materials in & out of the cell -Mesh of hollow sheets with ribosomes attached - Connected to the nucleus and plasma membrane -Acts like a conveyer belt and transports proteins -Mesh of hollow sheets - Connected to the nucleus and plasma membrane -produces lipids -Small, dense granules -Contain RNA -Made in the nucleus and pass into the cytoplasm - Free in cytoplasm - Attached to the ER -proteins made are used by the cell or moved out and used by other cells -Synthesize proteins -Flattened sacs -Near ER -Temporary storage, packaging, and secretion of proteins & fats -Produces Lysosomes - Usually bean shaped with folded membranes (greater surface area hence more energy) - Many mitochondria in a cell! - Concentrated in areas of increased metabolism -Centers of cellular respiration -Own DNA -cavities filled with fluid -Plant: usually 1 large water-filled (maintains structure) -Animal: many tiny vacuoles - Power house of the cell (energy productionÆ ATP) - Storage of water, starch, fats, etc. Types: -contractile vacuole: removes water and wastes -Food vacuole: breaks down food 11 Organelles Appearance -Egg shapedmembrane bound structures -Produced by the Golgi apparatus -Network of thin, fibrous proteins (microtubules & microfilaments) -Long, threadlike proteins -Thin, hollow cylinders of protein -thin hair-like projections -Whip-like tails Location - ONLY found in animal cells -Entire cell -A part of cytoskeleton -A part of cytoskeleton Formed from specialized microtubules - Attached to outside of cell -Formed from specialized microtubules - Attached to outside of cell -Strings of “spaghetti” - Inside nucleus -Coiled chromatin -Inside nucleus -Two small structures -Found inside the centrosome (only in animal cells) -varies -Have own DNA -Small, circular, green (contains chlorophyllgreen pigment -made of cellulose -rigid, strong, stiff structure Function -Contain digestive enzymes that break down molecules -Aid in the digestion of nutrients -Break down destructive cells (bacteria) -Acts as a sort of scaffold to provide support for organelles -Helps maintain cells shape -Associated with muscle contractions in larger organisms -Associated with cell movement -Provide shape and rigidity to the cell -Assist organelles to move from place to place within the cell -Aid in movement and locomotion (intestinal cells) -Aid in movement and locomotion (sperm) -Uncoiled DNA -Involved in duplicating the cell - Coils into chromosomes during cell division -Contains genetic information (DNA) -Moves chromosomes during cell division - Only in plants -Based on type: leucoplast (store starch), chromoplasts (store pigment), chloroplasts -Only in plants -Site of photosynthesis -surrounds cell membrane (only in plants) -Support & protection -Allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into and out of cell NOTE: All the ___________________________work together! o For example, after some proteins are made by the ___________________________, the rough ER transports these proteins to the ______________________________, then the golgi makes vesicles that can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to release proteins to the ________________________ outside the cell or used within the cell. 12 13 Animal Cell 14 Plant Cell Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base. Microscope Parts WHAT’S MY POWER? • To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective. Low Power • Ocular lens = 10X • Objective = 4X o TOTAL magnification for LOW power = ______________ Medium Power • Ocular lens = 10X • Objective = 10X o TOTAL magnification for MEDIUM power = ______________ High Power • Ocular lens = 10X • Objective = 40X o TOTAL magnification for HIGH power = ______________ Comparing Powers of Magnification: We can see better details with ______________ the powers of magnification, but we can’t see as much of the image 15 Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification? Compound Light Microscope: • You will be using compound light microscope in several labs. • These microscopes have a maximum magnification of _________ – So you __________ see most of the organelles like ribosomes, golgi bodies, lysomes, etc. – More powerful microscopes are needed (2,000 X plus) Common Problem……AIR BUBBLES: AIR BUBBLES How To Make A Wet-Mount Slide: 1 – Get a clean slide and cover slip from your teacher. 2 – Place ONE drop of water/iodine in the middle of the slide. Don’t use too much or the water/iodine will run off the edge and make a mess! 3 – Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water/iodine drop. 4 - Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop. 5 – Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the LOW power objective. Once you see the image, you can rotate the nosepiece to view the slide with the different objectives. YOU DO NOT NEED TO USE THE STAGE CLIPS WHEN VIEWING WET-MOUNT SLIDES! 16 “A Cell Is Like A City” Name:________________________________________________________Period:_____________ To get an idea of how a cell works, compare it to a city. Both a city and a cell act as their own environments, with many parts working together. Parts of the cell are like parts of the city. In some ways, cell parts and city parts are alike in the way they work. Try to figure out which parts of the cell are like which parts of the city. First, write the functions of the cell parts listed below. Then look at the list of parts of a city. Think about how each part of the city works. Finally, next to each cell part write the letter that goes with the part of the city that has the most similar function. Parts of a City: A. power plant E. warehouse B. fence around the city with gates F. city hall with planning department C. storage company G. factories D. streets H. wrecking company _____ Cell Membrane __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Nucleus________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Cytoskeleton ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Ribosomes ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Golgi bodies_____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Mitochondria____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Lysosomes______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____ Vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 17 Osmosis Worksheet Name ___________________________________________________Period:_________ Directions: Determine if an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic solution. Then draw a picture of the situation in the box provided showing the movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration. 1. An animal cell containing 45% water, 55% solutes is placed in a solution that contains 70% water, 30% solutes. HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC 2. An animal cell containing 72% water, 28% solutes is placed in a solution of 72% water, 28% solutes. HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC 18 3. An animal cell containing 80% water, 20% solutes is placed into a solution of 49% water, 51% solutes. HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS: 1. Why would a person with a sore throat want to gargle with salt water? (Hint: What type of environment is this creating for throat cells?) 2. Why do saltwater fish die if they are placed in freshwater? 3. Explain what type(s) of solution(s) you would want to avoid in your IV before going into surgery? WHY? Be specific!! 4. When would osmosis not occur? 19 CELLULAR TRANSPORT Worksheet Name:________________________________________________________________Period:_____ Shriveling Normal red blood cell Normal plant cell Directions: Using your notes/book, answer the following questions. ___1. All forms of passive transport depend on ________________________ a) energy from the cell in the form of ATP c) carrier proteins b) the kinetic energy of molecules d) ion channels ___2. Plasmolysis of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were _____________ a) in an isotonic solution c) in a hypertonic solution b) in a hypotonic solution d) None of the above ___3. A concentration difference across space is called a (n) _______________________ a) plasmolysis b) concentration gradient c) isotonic d) phagocytosis ___4. A relatively high solute concentration outside the cell is called a(n) _________ solution a) hypertonic b) hypotonic c) isotonic d) cytolysis ___5. A type of transport in which water moves across a membrane and down its concentration gradient is a) simple diffusion c) facilitated diffusion b) diffusion through ion channels d) osmosis ___6. When a human red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will ________________ a) lyse c) undergo plasmolysis b) experience a decrease in turgor pressure d) be at equilibrium 20 ___7. Most of the time, the environment that plant cells live in is a(n)__________________ environment. a) isotonic b) hypertonic c) hypotonic d) None of the above ___8. Diffusion is a term for the movement of molecules from _________________. a) an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration c) an adjacent area to a gradient b) an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration d) a nucleus to the mitochondria ___9. In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than the_____________ a) concentration of solutes inside the cell c) concentration of solutes outside the cell b) concentration of osmosis in the membrane d) concentration of diffusion in the membrane ___10. When the cells in a plant have low turgor pressure, the plant __________. a) is rigid b) dies c) wilts d) explodes ___11. Concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell are equal when _____________ a) the solution is isotonic c) the solution is hypotonic b) the solution is hypertonic d) the solution is isometric ___12. The process of diffusion requires _______________ a) a cell membrane b) a difference in the concentration throughout a space c) an aqueous solution d) All of the above. ___13. Facilitated diffusion uses ____________________. a) ions c) molecules that are too small to diffuse across the membrane b) carrier proteins d) molecules that are not soluble ___14. The polar phosphate heads of a phospholipid are considered ____________________. a) hydrophobic b) hydrophilic c) nonpolar d) none of the above 15. For each of the following, identify the specific type of passive (osmosis, diffusion or facilitated diffusion) or active transport (endocytosis or exocytosis): a) Using cellular energy, a cell membrane encloses and takes in a droplet of fluid.______________________________ b) Carrier proteins take sugar (glucose) into a cell without requiring energy input. ____________________________________________ c) Water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration water to a region of low water concentration. _______________________________________ d) Using cellular energy, mucus and waste products packaged by Golgi apparatus are secreted by a cell. ________________________________________ e) Using cellular energy, a cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles. ________________________________ 21 History of the Cell & Organelle Worksheet Part 1: Cell Theory: 1. ____________________ is the basic unit of life. 2. Who was the first person to observe cells using a microscope? _______________________________ 3. Which scientist coined the name “cell”? ________________________________________________ 4. List the 3 principles of the Cell Theory. 5. What are the two types of cells? a. ____________________________________ and ____________________________ 6. What is the difference between the two types of cells? 7. The shape of the cell depends on its __________________________________ 8. What is the relationship between organs, cells and tissue? Part 2: Cell Structure: All cells are enclosed by a cell membrane. Within the membrane is the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which consists of all the material outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane. Within the cytoplasm are organized structures that perform specific functions. These structures are called organelles. CELL MEMBRANE: The cell membrane or plasma membrane surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which substances enter and which substances leave the cell. Because some substances can pass freely through the cell membranes and others cannot, the membrane is said to be selectively permeable, or semipermeable. The permeability of the plasma membrane varies from one cell type to another and from time to time in the same type of cell, depending on the state of metabolic activity. The cell membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, known as the phospholipid bilayer. 1. Describe the function of the cell membrane? 2. The cell membrane is composed of ______________________ and ____________________. 3. Why is the cell membrane described as “semipermeable”? 22 NUCLEUS: The nucleus is the control center for all cell functions. It is usually the largest structure within the cell. It is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, called the nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains chromatin, uncoiled DNA. During cell division, chromatin coils and folds to form compact chromosomes. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus and is a site of RNA synthesis, as well as, the production of ribosomes. 1. The control center of the cell is the __________________. 2. What are the functions of the nucleolus? CYTOPLASM: The material in the cell outside the nucleus is called the cytoplasm. Although it contains thousands of substances, it consists mainly of water and within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the cell. The cytoplasm provides the environment in which the organelles carry on the life processes of the cell. 1. What is the main function of the cytoplasm? 2. The cytoplasm consists mainly of _________________. MITOCHONDRIA: Mitochondria (plural) are slipper-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. They are enclosed by a double membrane and the inner layer is highly folded. This large surface area provides a way for a small organelle to produce a lot of energy. There are usually many mitochondria in a cell. Each mitochondrion contains its own genetic material, which is separate and distinct from the genetic material found in the nucleus of the same cell. Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, resulting in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the main source of energy in cells. Because of its role in producing ATP, it is often referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell”. 1. What is the function of mitochondria? 2. ___________ is the main source of energy in cells. 3. What is the advantage of the folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion? RIBOSOMES: Ribosomes are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and lining of the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA and are the centers of protein synthesis in the cell. At the ribosomes amino acids are bonded together to form proteins. 1. Where are ribosomes located in the cell? 2. What are the functions of ribosomes? 3. What happens to amino acids at the ribosomes? 23 Rough ER ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMS: The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranebound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell. The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum may also serve as sites for biochemical reactions. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum—smooth and rough. The rough, or granular, appearance of some endoplasmic reticulum is due to the presence of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which has no ribosomes on its membranes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of fats (lipids). 1. The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are _______________ and _______________. 2. What is the function of each endoplasmic reticulum? GOLGI BODIES: The Golgi body is made up of a series of membrane- enclosed sacs, and it is usually found near the endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle processes, packages, and ships the fats and proteins produced by the ER. Through enzymatic activity, the Golgi body modifies proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum and repackages and exports them to new locations within the cell or sends them to the cell’s surface. 1. What are the functions of the Golgi body? 2. Explain what happens to a protein once it leaves the rough ER. LYSOSOMES: Lysosomes are “packages” or sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes, which are found only in animal cells, are egg- shaped structures enclosed by a membrane. They keep the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed. These digestive enzymes break down large molecules stored in the vacuoles (fats, proteins) into smaller constitutes. Lysosomes also serve many other functions. For example, they can break down destructive cells (bacteria) or cells and tissues that are no longer necessary for an organism’s developments (cells that form a tadpole’s tail). Because of this ability to digest, destroy, and clean out, lysosomes are sometimes referred to as the “garbage men of the cell.” 1. What are the functions of lysosomes? VACUOLES: Vacuoles are membrane- enclosed structures that store materials such as water, starch, fats, etc. They are formed from a piece of membrane that breaks loose from the cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, or ER. In animals, there are usually several small vacuoles. In plants, there is usually only one large vacuole. Much of the inside of a typical green plant cell is filled with a large vacuole. The pressure created by the vacuole helps to maintain the rigid structure of the cell and of the plant. In protists, there are food vacuoles in which food is digested so that the cell can use it. In some fresh water protozoa there are water vacuoles that remove excess water from the cell and discharge it back into the environment. 1. In protozoans, such as the ameba, digestion occurs within _________________ vacuole. 2. How are vacuoles formed? 3. What is the function of the large vacuole present in the cells of green plants? 24 MICROTUBULES: Microtubules are long hollow cylindrical structures a part of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are composed of a protein called tubulin. They give shape and rigidity to the cell. Cilia and flagella are hairlike and whip-like extensions, respectfully. They are formed from specialized microtubules. Cilia and flagella aid cells in locomotion. In larger, many-celled organism, cilia also move substances across the surface of cells. MICROFILAMENTS: Microfilaments are long threadlike strands of proteins that are a part of the cytoskeleton. They are associated with cell movement, and in larger organism area associated with muscle contraction. 1. What are microtubules composed of? 2. _______________ and ___________ aid in locomotion of cells. CENTROSOMES: Centrosomes are small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animal cells. Within the centrosome are two small structures called centrioles, which are necessary for the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Centrioles are only found in animal cells. 1. Centrioles are found only in __________________ cells. 2. What are the functions of centrioles? Organelles found ONLY in PLANT cells: CELL WALLS: Cell walls are structures found outside the cell membrane in plant cells and functions in both support and protection. The cell wall is considered to be a “nonliving” part of the cell since it does not take part in any of the functions of the cell. The cell wall is made chiefly of cellulose, is relatively rigid, and provides support for the cell. Cellulose is in the cell walls of many whole grains and is a source of dietary fiber. 1. What are the functions of the cell wall? 2. What are cell walls composed of? _____________________________ PLASTIDS: Plastids, found in most plant cells, have their own DNA and can replicate themselves independently of nuclear DNA. There are thee types of plastids: leucoplasts (store starch), chromoplasts (store pigment), and chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis). Chloroplasts, found in plant cells and in some protists, contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light energy is used for the manufacture of food (carbohydrate). 1. The source of energy for photosynthesis is _________________ 2. The most important pigment in chloroplasts is _______________ 3. What are three structural differences between a typical animal cell and a typical green plant cell? 25 Matching: Review Questions Review Questions: Match the functions with the names of the structures that are listed below. An organelle may be used more than once. A. Centrioles K. Cilia and flagella B. Lysosomes L. Smooth ER C. Cell membrane M. Nucleolus D. Mitochondria N. Vacuoles E. Cell wall O. Golgi body F. Nucleus P. Plastids G. Chloroplasts Q. Microtubules H. Ribosomes R. Microfilament I. Chromatin S. Cytoplasm J. Rough ER ____1. Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production ____2. Provide shape and rigidity to the cell ____3. Also called the plasma membrane ____4. Bags of enzymes used to digest particles/bacteria; “garbage men” of the cell; work with vacuoles. ____5. Control center of the cell; contains nucleolus and DNA ____6. External surface is studded with ribosomes ____7. Formed from a piece of cell membrane breaking loose; stores substances ____8. Sites for photosynthesis; found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll ____9. Locomotive structures; made up of microtubules ____10. Site of protein synthesis; found in cytoplasm and on rough ER ____11. Only found in animal cells; form spindle fibers during cell division ____12. Made mostly of cellulose, this encases or surrounds plant cells ____13. Watery substance that fills the interior of cells and suspends organelles ____14. Semipermeable barrier made of two layers of phospholipids ____15. Storage sacs; plant cells have a single large one; animal cells have many smaller ones ____16. Membranous structure that synthesizes fats (lipids) ____17. Membranous structure that synthesizes proteins ____18. Uncoiled DNA; coils into chromosomes during cell division ____19. Location where photosynthesis occurs ____20. Location where ribosomes are formed ____21. Makes up cilia, flagella, and centrioles ____22. Act as a transport system for newly formed proteins ____23. Processes, packages, and stores the fats and proteins produced by the ER ____24. Structures found only in plant cells; chloroplasts are one type ____25. Involved in muscle contraction in larger organisms 26 UNIT REVIEW: Cellular Structure & Function ____1) Which molecule is found in a cell’s membrane and prevents the fatty acid tails from sticking together? a) keratin b) collagen c) protein d) cholesterol ____2) Not all substances can cross the cell membrane, for this reason, the cell membrane is said to be a) a barrier b) selectively permeable c) membrane bound d) a cell wall ____3) Provides structure and support in plant cells: a) nuclear envelope b) a cell membrane ____4) Microfilaments and microtubules a) contain digestive enzymes b) function in cell structure and movement c) cell wall d) ribosomes c) are sites of protein synthesis d) are sites of photosynthesis ____5) The cell organelle that processes and packages lipids and proteins is the ______________. a) mitochondria b) ribosomes c) Golgi apparatus d) ER ____6) The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the _______. a) mitochondria b) smooth ER c) Golgi apparatus d) lysosome ____7) The shape of the cell depends on its _______. a) location b) structure c) function d) size ____8) A prokaryote has __________________. a) a nucleus b) a cell membrane c) membrane bound organelles d) All of the above ____9) The first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells was _________. a) Robert Hooke b) Rudolf Virchow c) Anton Leeuenhoek d) Theodor Schwann ____10) The movement of PARTICLES from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called _____________________. a) osmosis b) diffusion c) isotonic d) kinetic energy ____11) The osmotic effect in plants is known as ____________________. a) diffusion b) plasmolysis c) capillary action d) turgor pressure ____12) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that ONLY: a) prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane b) prokaryotic cells have a nucleus c) eukaryotic cells have genetic information d) eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles ____13) The organelle that organizes protein synthesis is the _____________. a) mitochondrion b) ribosome c)centriole d) lysosome ____14) After a protein is made by a ribosome, where will it most likely go next? a) rough ER, nucleus b) rough ER, smooth ER c) rough ER, golgi d) nucleus, lysosome 27 ____15) The part of the cell that regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell is the _____. a) nucleus b) cell membrane c) golgi apparatus d) mitochondrion ____16) Cells that have high energy requirement generally have many _____________. a) nuclei b) flagella c) mitochondria d) microfilaments ____17) A solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) is HIGHER than the concentration inside the cell. a) ionic b) isotonic c) hypotonic d) hypertonic ____18) Control center for all cell functions is called the _______________. a) nucleus b) nucleolus c) mitochondria d) golgi apparatus ____19) Cell walls are composed of ________________. a) protein b) cellulose c) monosacharrides d) lipids ____20) The gelatin-like aqueous fluid that organelles are bathed in is the _________________ a) crista b) nucleolus c) cytoplasm d) centromere ____21) Organelle that converts sunlight, CO2 and water into sugars (photosynthesis) is called a ___. a) ribosome b) lysosome c) chloroplast d) vacuole ____22) The cell organelle that transfers energy to ATP is the ________________. a) mitochondrion b) smooth ER c) nucleus d) Golgi apparatus ____23) Storage (food, water) chambers within a cell are known as _____________. a) micorfilaments b) lysosomes c) vacuoles d) ribosomes ____24) Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? a) All matter consists of at least one cell. b) Cells are the basic units of life. c) All cells arise from preexisting cells. d) All organisms are made of one or more cells. ____25) A cell membrane is a thin layer of lipids and ___________. a) monosaccharides b) proteins c) chitin d) water ____26) Cell membranes are made of two phospholipid layers called a ______________. a) bilayer b) hydrophilic c) polarity d) semilayer ____27) The cell organelle that synthesizes RNA is known as __________ a) mitochondria b) rough ER c) ribosomes d) nucleolus ____28) The organelles that assists other organelles to move from place to place is the cell are_____. a) ribosomes b) microfilaments c) vacuoles d) chloroplasts ____29) When food is pushed out of the paramecium, (one celled protist) this process is called__. a) osmosis b) diffusion c) exocytosis d) endocytosis ____30) Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells contain NO _____________. a) nucleus b) cell membrane c) eukaryotes d) bilayers 28 ____31) The movement of materials across the plasma membrane by the use of transport proteins is: a) osmosis b) passive diffusion c) facilitated diffusion d) transport diffusion ____32) Unlike animals cells, plant cells have ______________. a) cell membranes b) mitochondria c) cell walls d) chromosomes ____33) The loss of turgor pressure; causes plant to wilt is known as _______________ a) osmosis b) turbulence c) plasmolysis d) dynamic equilibrium ____34) Movement of molecules across the membrane by using their kinetic energy is called ________. a) concentration gradient b) passive transport c) facilitated diffusion d) active transport ____35) Type of ER that has ribosomes attached to it: a) smooth ER b) rough ER c) hard ER d) soft ER ____36) What are cells that contain a nucleus or nuclei called? a) eukaryotes b) prokaryotes c) ribosomes d) nucleoli ____37) Osmosis will not occur when a cell is placed in the following solution: a) salt water b) hypotonic c)hypertonic d) isotonic ____38) ________________ coined the word “cell” based on where monks lived. a) Anton Leeuenhoek b) Robert Hooke c) Theodor Schwann d) Mathias Schleiden ____39) _____ assists in the movement of chromosomes during cell division. a) nuclear envelope b) cytoskeleton c) spindle fibers d) centrioles ____40) _____ are structures that carry out specific functions in the cell. a) cytoskeleton b) organelles c) crista d) chloroplasts ____41) Which molecule is attached to proteins in a cell’s membrane and helps transmit chemical signals? a) carbohydrate b) collagen c) lipid d) cholesterol 42) Determine if the animal cell is placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solution by CIRCLING the correct answer above the box. Then draw a picture of this situation in the box provided showing the movement of WATER. Be sure to write what would happen to an ANIMAL CELL when placed in this solution. a) An animal cell containing 73% water, and 27% solutes was placed in a solution containing 27% water and 73% solutes. • What would happen to the animal cell? _____________________________________________________________________________ HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC 29 Label the parts of these two cells: Cell A Cell B 30 Unit Learning Map- 14 days Mrs. Sim Class: Biology A – Cellular Structure & Function Unit Essential Question(s): Optional Instructional Tools: How does a cell’s structure impact its function? Concept Concept Microscopes Slides & Coverslips Potato Lab Egg Lab Concept Concept History Cell Types Organelles Cell Transport Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: What are the functions of all cellular organelles? How does passive transport differ from active transport? What are the scientific discoveries that lead to the creation of the cell theory? Vocabulary: Leeuwenhoek Hooke Cell Theory Tissue Organ How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells? Vocabulary: Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Nucleus Organelles Vocabulary: Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleolus Smooth ER Rough ER Ribosome Golgi body Mitochondria Vacuoles Lysosomes Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microtubules Cilia Flagella Chromatin Centrioles Cell wall chloroplasts Vocabulary: Phospholipids Phospholipid Bilayer Cholesterol Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Select. Permeable Facilitated Diffusion Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Active Transport Turgor Pressure Plasmolysis Endocytosis Exocytosis 31 Cell Vocabulary: 1) Anton von Leeuwenhoek = became the first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells 2) Robert Hooke = used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and described it as consisting of "a great many little boxes". It was after his observation that Hooke called what he saw "cells". They looked like "little boxes" and reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived. So he called them "cells" 3) Cell theory = Cells are the basic units of life; All cells arise from preexisting cells; All organisms are made of one or more cells. 4) Tissue = a group of cells functioning together to perform and activity 5) Organs = groups of two or more tissues that function together 6) Eukaryotic cell = cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles 7) Prokaryotic cell = cells that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles 8) Organelles = carries out specific functions in a cell 9) Nucleus = Control center of the cell 10) Cytoplasm = Suspends organelles; site of chemical reactions; mostly water 11) Nucleolus = Site of RNA synthesis and produces ribosomes 12) Rough ER = acts like a conveyer belt and transports proteins 13) Smooth ER = produces lipids 14) Ribosomes = produces proteins 15) Golgi body = Temporary storage, secretion and packaging of proteins and fats 16) Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell (energy production →ATP) 17) Vacuoles = Storage of water, starch, fats, etc; animals have many small ones and plants have a large water vacuole 18) Lysosomes = Contains digestive enzymes that break down molecules; ONLY in animal cells 19) Cytoskeleton = Acts as sort of a scaffold to provide support for organelles; Helps maintain cell shape 20) Microfilaments = Associated with muscle contractions in large organisms; apart of cytoskeleton 21) Microtubules = Provides shape and rigidity to the cell; apart of cytoskeleton 22) Cilia = Hair-like structure on the outside of the cell; aids in movement and locomotion of the entire cell (intestinal cells) 23) Flagella = Whip-like structure on the outside of the cell; Aids in movement and locomotion of the entire cell (sperm) 24) Chromatin = Uncoiled DNA; involved in duplicating the cells 25) Centrioles = Moves chromosomes during cell division; ONLY in animal cells 26) Cell wall = supports and protects; ONLY in plant cell; outside the plasma membrane 27) Chloroplast = site of photosynthesis; ONLY in plant cells 28) Phospholipids = a kind of lipid that consists of 2 FATTY ACIDS (tails), and PHOSPHATE GROUP (heads) 32 29) Hydrophobic = fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled by water 30) Hydrophilic = phosphate heads are polar and are attracted to water 31) Phospholipid Bilayer = cell membrane that consist of two phospholipid layers 32) Cholesterol = a carbohydrate found in the membrane to provide structure and shape; prevents fatty actid tails from sticking together 33) Passive Transport = movement of molecules across the membrane by using the molecules kinetic energy. The cell exerts NO energy! 34) Diffusion = the net movement of particles from an area of HIGHER concentration of particles to an area of LOWER concentration of particles. 35) Osmosis = the diffusion of water molecules from an area of HIGH water concentration to an area of LOW water concentration 36) Selectively permeable = some molecules can easily pass through the plasma membrane while other molecules cannot. 37) Facilitated Diffusion = type of passive transport that increases the rate of diffusion with the use of carrier proteins 38) Hypertonic = a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is HIGHER than the concentration inside the cell 39) Hypotonic = a solution in which the concentration of solutes is LOWER than the concentration of solutes inside the cell 40) Isotonic = a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) is the SAME as the concentration of solutes inside the cell 41) Plasmolysis = the loss of turgor pressure causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall 42) Turgor Pressure = internal pressure of a cell due to water held there by osmotic pressure 43) Active Transport = transport of materials against the concentration gradient and requires cellular energy 44) Endocytosis = type of active transport by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment 45) Exocytosis = type of active transport that expels materials out of the cell, reverse of endocytosis 33