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Cellular Structure & Function
Name:___________________________________________Period:_____Date:____________
_______ – the basic unit of life!
I. Basic HISTORY:
•
_________________living thing-from the tiniest bacterium to the largest whale-are made
of one or more cells!
•
Before the seventeenth century, no one knew that ____________existed.
•
Most cells are too __________to be seen with the______________________.
•
Not discovered until after the invention of the_____________________ in the
early 17th century.
II. IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS:
•
A Dutch drapery storeowner________________________________, became the
__________ person to OBSERVE and DESCRIBE MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS and LIVING
CELLS.
•
1665: the English Scientist ________________________________used a microscope to
examine a thin slice of ___________and described it as consisting of "a great many little
boxes". It was after his observation that Hooke called what he saw "cells". They looked
like "little boxes" and reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived. So he called
them "____________".
•
1824: the French scientist Henri Dutrochet concluded that ____________and
____________ tissue were always made up of cells
•
1831: Robert Brown named the _____________________
•
In 1838: German Botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all__________ are made
of cells
•
1839: German Zoologist Theodor Schwann reported that ___________are also made of
cells
•
1845: Felix Dujardin- studied the living cell and noted it contained a material
called________________________.
•
In 1855: German Physician Rudolf Virchow induced that ALL cells
come from __________________cells.
•
The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow make
up what is now known as the modern_______________________.
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III. The Cell Theory Consists of 3 Principles:
1. All living things are _______________of one or more____________.
2. __________are the basic units of ____________and ___________in an organism.
3. Cells come __________from the _________________of_____________________ cells.
IV. TWO TYPES of CELLS:
1. _______________________________= cell that contain a ___________________and
___________________________________________
~Ex: ____________,fish, mammals, _____________and ______________
2. ____________________________= cell that ______________a _________________and
___________________________________________
~Ex: _____________________organisms such as __________________and their
relatives
V. CELL DIVERSITY:
•
Not all cells are_____________.
•
Cells within the same organism show enormous diversity in___________, __________,
and ____________________________.
o Your body contains at least ___________different cell types!
VI. CELL SIZE:
•
A few types of cells are large enough to be seen by the ______________eye.
o ____________________is the_________________ cell in the body, and
can be seen without the aid of a microscope.
•
Most cells are visible only with a____________________.
•
Most cells are small for 2 reasons:
1. Cells are limited in size by the _____________between their
_____________________ and their _________________.
• As a cell’s size increases, its volume increases much faster than its surface
area. (see picture below)
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2. The cell’s nucleus (the brain) can only control a certain amount of living, active
cytoplasm.
VII. CELL SHAPE:
•
________________of shapes.
•
The ______________of the cell depends on its
___________________
•
Ex: _________________that carry information from
your toes to your brain are long and threadlike.
•
Ex: ____________________are shaped like round
disk that can squeeze through tiny blood vessels.
VIII. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION:
•
________________________are made up of many
cells, each of which is specialized to perform a distinct function.
o Digestion, movement, respiration, filtering, etc…
•
____________________DO NOT carry out ALL life functions, but rather depend on each
other
•
______________= a group of cells functioning together to perform and activity
o Ex: muscle and nerve tissues
o Ex: Plant tissues = stem and root
•
_____________________= groups of two or more tissues that function together
o Stomach, leaf of a plant
o Cooperation among organs makes life functions within an organism efficient
•
SUMMARY: _________________________________
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I. MAINTAINING BALANCE
How do cells maintain balance?
• Cells need to maintain a balance by controlling material that move in
& out of the cellÆ____________________________
• ___________molecules like water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can
move in and out of the cell ________________.
• ____________molecules like proteins and carbohydrates ____________
• ________________________
II. STRUCTURE of the PLASMA (CELL)
MEMBRANE
• All cells are surrounded by a _________________________
• Functions like a GATE, controlling what ____________and __________________the cell.
• The cell membrane is ______________________or selectively permeable.
•
A _____________________________________only allows certain molecules to pass through
o
Some substances easily cross the membrane, while others cannot cross at all.
• Made of a thin layer of _______________and _____________________
o
Made mostly of _______________________molecules (Phosphate + Lipid).
ƒ
Phospholipids are a kind of lipid that consists of 2 FATTY ACIDS (_____________), and
PHOSPHATE GROUP (_____________).
• Cell membranes consist of TWO phospholipid layers called a ____________________________
Cytoplasm
• Water molecules surround ______________sides of the cell membrane.
o Polar ________________________sticking TOWARD the water (______________________)
o Nonpolar________________________pointing AWAY from the water (__________________)
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Cytoplasm
• The cell membrane is constantly being _____________and __________________________in
living cells.
III. LIPID BILAYER
•
Moving with and among the phospholipids are cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates.
•
________________________________________:
o Nonpolar, found among the phospholipids to help prevent the fatty acid tails from
_________________________together
o Helps w/ structure and homeostasis
•
______________________________________:
o Found on the surface of the plasma membrane = _______________________signals to
the inside of cell
o Embedded in the plasma membrane = structure and support of cells shape, and
__________________________large substance in and out of the cell
•
___________________________________________:
o Attached to proteins, helps cells identify ___________________________________
ƒ
Ex: help disease fighting cells recognized and attack a potentially harmful cell
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Ö All particles move and have ____________________energy (energy of motion).
Ö Movement is_________________ and usually in a _____________________________.
ƒ
Cells are mostly made of water and there is a constant flow of ions and particles.
IV. 2 TYPES OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1.
___________________________________= movement of molecules across the membrane by
using the molecules ___________________energy. The cell exerts _______energy!
2.
___________________________________= transport of materials against the concentration
gradient and requires_________________________.
V. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
•
3 types of passive transport:
1.
______________________= the net movement of _________________ from an area of
_________________concentration of particles to an area of _______________concentration
of particles.
o Molecules move ______________until they are _________________distributed.
o Diffusion continues until the concentration of substances is uniform throughout.
o ________________________________= continual movement but no overall change
in concentration;
-
Movement of materials into and out of the cell at equal rates maintains its
dynamic equilibrium with its environment.
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o Diffusion depends on the ___________________________.
-
2.
______________________________is the difference between the
concentration of a particular molecule in one area and the concentration in
an adjacent area.
o Ex: gas exchange in the lungs (oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from
blood to air)
____________________________________= type of passive transport that increases the
rate of diffusion with the use of ____________________________.
o Ex: Facilitated diffusion of glucose
3.
_________________= the diffusion of _____________________ molecules from an area of HIGH
water concentration to an area of LOW water concentration.
•
Occurs in response to the concentration of solutes dissolved in water!
o ________________are dissolved substances in a solution.
ƒ
Cytoplasm is mostly ____________containing many
dissolved________________.
•
Because ______TWO molecules can occupy the same space at the same time, the
MORE solutes there are in a certain volume of___________; the FEWER water
molecules there can be in the same volume.
•
Plant and animal cells behave differently b/c plant cells have a large water
__________________________and a ______________________________.
•
Ex: Osmosis occurring in a slug (animal) cell
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A. _________________________= a solution in which the concentration of dissolved
substances (solutes) is the ______________as the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
•
Osmosis ____________________occur since a concentration gradient is not
established!
⇒ What happens to cells when placed in an isotonic solution?
•
_________________________–becomes _____________(limp)
o plant wilts b/c no net tendency for water to enter
•
________________________- normal
Osmosis
in plant
cells Cell
Animal
Cell and animalPlant
B. ___________________________________= a solution in which the concentration of
solutes is _________________than the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
⇒ What happens to cells when placed in a hypotonic solution?
•
__________________________- water will move thru plasma membrane into
the cell. This causes the cell to swell and the internal pressure increases.
o Cell ____________ (bursts)!
•
______________________- normal
o
the vacuole and cytoplasm increase in volume.
o the cell membrane is pushed harder against the cell wall causing it to stretch
a little.
o the plant tissue becomes stiffer (_____________).
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C.
________________________________= a solution in which the concentration of dissolved
substances is _________________than the concentration inside the cell.
⇒ What happens to cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
•
____________________- will _______________b/c of decreased turgor pressure
•
____________________- will lose water from ______________and a decrease in turgor
pressure will occur; so it is____________________.
o ____________________= internal pressure of a cell due to water held there by
osmotic pressure
o ________________________ = the loss of turgor pressure causing the plasma
membrane to pull away from the cell wall
o causes the plant to ___________
D.
Summary of Cell Behavior in Different Environments:
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VI. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Movement of molecules from an area of ________to an area of ______________concentration.
(opposite of passive transport!)
• REQUIRES__________________________!
• Moves large, complex molecules such as proteins across the cell membrane
• Large molecules, food, or fluid droplets are packaged in membrane-bound sacs called ____________
• 2 types of active transport:
1. _____________________ = process by which a cell surrounds and
takes in material from its environment
o Used by ameba to feed & white blood cells to kill bacteria
2. __________________________= expels materials out of the cell,
reverse of endocytosis
• used to remove
_______________________________________________________
• Proteins made by ribosomes in a cell are packaged into
transport vesicles by the Golgi Apparatus
• Transport vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and then the
proteins are secreted out of the cell (ex: insulin)
Summary Of The Types Of Transport:
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Summary of the Organelles
Organelles
Appearance
Location
Function
-Large, oval
-varies
-Control center for all cell functions
-Clear fluid
-Inside cell membrane
-Suspends organelles; site of
chemical reactions
-Round
structure inside
nucleus
-Inside the nucleus
-Site of RNA synthesis
-Produces ribosomes
-Surrounds cell
-Plant: inside cell wall
-Animal: outer layer
-Semipermeable
-Composed of lipids
& proteins
-Control materials in & out of the
cell
-Mesh of hollow
sheets with
ribosomes
attached
- Connected to the nucleus
and plasma membrane
-Acts like a conveyer belt and
transports proteins
-Mesh of hollow
sheets
- Connected to the nucleus
and plasma membrane
-produces lipids
-Small, dense
granules
-Contain RNA
-Made in the
nucleus and
pass into the
cytoplasm
- Free in cytoplasm
- Attached to the ER
-proteins made are used
by the cell or moved out
and used by other cells
-Synthesize proteins
-Flattened sacs
-Near ER
-Temporary storage, packaging,
and secretion of proteins & fats
-Produces Lysosomes
- Usually bean
shaped with
folded
membranes
(greater surface
area hence more energy)
- Many mitochondria in a
cell!
- Concentrated in areas of
increased metabolism
-Centers of cellular
respiration
-Own DNA
-cavities filled
with fluid
-Plant: usually 1 large
water-filled (maintains
structure)
-Animal: many tiny
vacuoles
- Power house of the cell (energy
productionÆ ATP)
- Storage of water, starch, fats, etc.
Types:
-contractile vacuole:
removes water and wastes
-Food vacuole: breaks down
food
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Organelles
Appearance
-Egg shapedmembrane
bound
structures
-Produced by
the Golgi
apparatus
-Network of thin,
fibrous proteins
(microtubules &
microfilaments)
-Long,
threadlike
proteins
-Thin, hollow
cylinders of
protein
-thin hair-like
projections
-Whip-like tails
Location
- ONLY found in animal
cells
-Entire cell
-A part of cytoskeleton
-A part of cytoskeleton
Formed from specialized
microtubules
- Attached to outside of cell
-Formed from specialized
microtubules
- Attached to outside of cell
-Strings of
“spaghetti”
- Inside nucleus
-Coiled
chromatin
-Inside nucleus
-Two small
structures
-Found inside the
centrosome
(only in animal cells)
-varies
-Have own DNA
-Small, circular,
green (contains
chlorophyllgreen pigment
-made of
cellulose
-rigid, strong,
stiff structure
Function
-Contain digestive enzymes that
break down molecules
-Aid in the digestion of
nutrients
-Break down destructive
cells (bacteria)
-Acts as a sort of scaffold to
provide support for organelles
-Helps maintain cells shape
-Associated with muscle
contractions in larger organisms
-Associated with cell movement
-Provide shape and rigidity to the
cell
-Assist organelles to move from
place to place within the cell
-Aid in movement and locomotion
(intestinal cells)
-Aid in movement and locomotion
(sperm)
-Uncoiled DNA
-Involved in duplicating the cell
- Coils into chromosomes
during cell division
-Contains genetic information
(DNA)
-Moves chromosomes during cell
division
- Only in plants
-Based on type: leucoplast (store
starch), chromoplasts (store
pigment), chloroplasts
-Only in plants
-Site of photosynthesis
-surrounds cell membrane
(only in plants)
-Support & protection
-Allows H2O, O2, CO2 to pass into
and out of cell
NOTE:
™ All the ___________________________work together!
o For example, after some proteins are made by the ___________________________, the
rough ER transports these proteins to the ______________________________, then the
golgi makes vesicles that can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to release proteins to
the ________________________ outside the cell or used within the cell.
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
Always carry a
microscope with
one hand holding
the arm and one
hand under the
base.
Microscope Parts
™ WHAT’S MY POWER?
• To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective.
ƒ Low Power
• Ocular lens = 10X
• Objective = 4X
o TOTAL magnification for LOW power = ______________
ƒ Medium Power
• Ocular lens = 10X
• Objective = 10X
o TOTAL magnification for MEDIUM power = ______________
ƒ High Power
• Ocular lens = 10X
• Objective = 40X
o TOTAL magnification for HIGH power = ______________
™ Comparing Powers of Magnification:
We can see better details with
______________ the powers of
magnification, but we can’t see
as much of the image
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™ Which of these images would be viewed at a higher power of magnification?
™ Compound Light Microscope:
•
You will be using compound light microscope in several labs.
•
These microscopes have a maximum magnification of _________
–
So you __________ see most of the organelles like ribosomes, golgi bodies,
lysomes, etc.
–
More powerful microscopes are needed (2,000 X plus)
™ Common Problem……AIR BUBBLES:
AIR
BUBBLES
™ How To Make A Wet-Mount Slide:
1 – Get a clean slide and cover slip from your teacher.
2 – Place ONE drop of water/iodine in the middle of the slide. Don’t use too much or the
water/iodine will run off the edge and make a mess!
3 – Place the edge of the cover slip on one side of the water/iodine drop.
4 - Slowly lower the cover slip on top of the drop.
5 – Place the slide on the stage and view it first with the
LOW power objective. Once you see the image, you can
rotate the nosepiece to view the slide with the different
objectives.
YOU DO NOT NEED TO USE THE STAGE CLIPS WHEN VIEWING WET-MOUNT SLIDES!
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“A Cell Is Like A City”
Name:________________________________________________________Period:_____________
To get an idea of how a cell works, compare it to a city. Both a city and a cell act
as their own environments, with many parts working together. Parts of the cell are
like parts of the city. In some ways, cell parts and city parts are alike in the way
they work.
Try to figure out which parts of the cell are like which parts of the city. First, write the functions of the cell
parts listed below. Then look at the list of parts of a city. Think about how each part of the city works.
Finally, next to each cell part write the letter that goes with the part of the city that has the most similar
function.
Parts of a City:
A. power plant
E. warehouse
B. fence around the city with gates
F. city hall with planning department
C. storage company
G. factories
D. streets
H. wrecking company
_____ Cell Membrane __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Nucleus________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Cytoskeleton ____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Ribosomes ______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Golgi bodies_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Mitochondria____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Lysosomes______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____ Vacuoles _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Osmosis Worksheet
Name ___________________________________________________Period:_________
Directions: Determine if an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic
solution. Then draw a picture of the situation in the box provided showing the movement
of water from a high concentration to a low concentration.
1. An animal cell containing 45% water, 55% solutes is placed in a solution that contains 70%
water, 30% solutes.
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
2. An animal cell containing 72% water, 28% solutes is placed in a solution of 72% water, 28%
solutes.
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
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3. An animal cell containing 80% water, 20% solutes is placed into a solution of 49% water, 51%
solutes.
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:
1. Why would a person with a sore throat want to gargle with salt water? (Hint: What type of
environment is this creating for throat cells?)
2. Why do saltwater fish die if they are placed in freshwater?
3. Explain what type(s) of solution(s) you would want to avoid in your IV before going into
surgery? WHY? Be specific!!
4. When would osmosis not occur?
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CELLULAR TRANSPORT Worksheet
Name:________________________________________________________________Period:_____
Shriveling
Normal red
blood cell
Normal
plant cell
Directions: Using your notes/book, answer the following questions.
___1. All forms of passive transport depend on ________________________
a) energy from the cell in the form of ATP
c) carrier proteins
b) the kinetic energy of molecules
d) ion channels
___2. Plasmolysis of a human red blood cell would occur if the cell were _____________
a) in an isotonic solution
c) in a hypertonic solution
b) in a hypotonic solution
d) None of the above
___3. A concentration difference across space is called a (n) _______________________
a) plasmolysis
b) concentration gradient
c) isotonic
d) phagocytosis
___4. A relatively high solute concentration outside the cell is called a(n) _________ solution
a) hypertonic
b) hypotonic
c) isotonic
d) cytolysis
___5. A type of transport in which water moves across a membrane and down its concentration gradient is
a) simple diffusion
c) facilitated diffusion
b) diffusion through ion channels
d) osmosis
___6. When a human red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, it will ________________
a) lyse
c) undergo plasmolysis
b) experience a decrease in turgor pressure
d) be at equilibrium
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___7. Most of the time, the environment that plant cells live in is a(n)__________________ environment.
a) isotonic
b) hypertonic
c) hypotonic
d) None of the above
___8. Diffusion is a term for the movement of molecules from _________________.
a) an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration c) an adjacent area to a gradient
b) an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration d) a nucleus to the mitochondria
___9. In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes is lower than the_____________
a) concentration of solutes inside the cell
c) concentration of solutes outside the cell
b) concentration of osmosis in the membrane
d) concentration of diffusion in the membrane
___10. When the cells in a plant have low turgor pressure, the plant __________.
a) is rigid
b) dies
c) wilts
d) explodes
___11. Concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell are equal when _____________
a) the solution is isotonic
c) the solution is hypotonic
b) the solution is hypertonic
d) the solution is isometric
___12. The process of diffusion requires _______________
a) a cell membrane
b) a difference in the concentration throughout a space
c) an aqueous solution
d) All of the above.
___13. Facilitated diffusion uses ____________________.
a) ions
c) molecules that are too small to diffuse across the membrane
b) carrier proteins
d) molecules that are not soluble
___14. The polar phosphate heads of a phospholipid are considered ____________________.
a) hydrophobic
b) hydrophilic
c) nonpolar
d) none of the above
15. For each of the following, identify the specific type of passive (osmosis, diffusion or facilitated
diffusion) or active transport (endocytosis or exocytosis):
a) Using cellular energy, a cell membrane encloses and takes in a droplet of
fluid.______________________________
b) Carrier proteins take sugar (glucose) into a cell without requiring energy input.
____________________________________________
c) Water diffuses across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration water to a region of low water
concentration. _______________________________________
d) Using cellular energy, mucus and waste products packaged by Golgi apparatus are secreted by a cell.
________________________________________
e) Using cellular energy, a cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles.
________________________________
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History of the Cell & Organelle Worksheet
Part 1: Cell Theory:
1. ____________________ is the basic unit of life.
2. Who was the first person to observe cells using a microscope? _______________________________
3. Which scientist coined the name “cell”? ________________________________________________
4. List the 3 principles of the Cell Theory.
5. What are the two types of cells?
a. ____________________________________ and ____________________________
6. What is the difference between the two types of cells?
7. The shape of the cell depends on its __________________________________
8. What is the relationship between organs, cells and tissue?
Part 2: Cell Structure:
All cells are enclosed by a cell membrane. Within the membrane is
the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which consists of all the material
outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane. Within the
cytoplasm are organized structures that perform specific functions.
These structures are called organelles.
CELL MEMBRANE: The cell membrane or plasma membrane
surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which
substances enter and which substances leave the cell. Because some
substances can pass freely through the cell membranes and others cannot, the membrane is said to be
selectively permeable, or semipermeable. The permeability of the plasma membrane varies from one cell type
to another and from time to time in the same type of cell, depending on the state of metabolic activity. The cell
membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, known as the phospholipid bilayer.
1. Describe the function of the cell membrane?
2. The cell membrane is composed of ______________________ and ____________________.
3. Why is the cell membrane described as “semipermeable”?
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NUCLEUS: The nucleus is the control center for all cell functions. It is usually the largest structure within
the cell. It is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, called the nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains
chromatin, uncoiled DNA. During cell division, chromatin coils and folds to form compact chromosomes.
The nucleolus is located in the nucleus and is a site of RNA synthesis, as well as, the production of ribosomes.
1. The control center of the cell is the __________________.
2. What are the functions of the nucleolus?
CYTOPLASM: The material in the cell outside the nucleus is called the cytoplasm. Although it contains
thousands of substances, it consists mainly of water and within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the
cell. The cytoplasm provides the environment in which the organelles carry on the life processes of the cell.
1. What is the main function of the cytoplasm?
2. The cytoplasm consists mainly of _________________.
MITOCHONDRIA: Mitochondria (plural) are slipper-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. They are
enclosed by a double membrane and the inner layer is highly folded. This large surface area provides a way for
a small organelle to produce a lot of energy. There are usually many mitochondria in a cell. Each
mitochondrion contains its own genetic material, which is separate and distinct from the genetic material found
in the nucleus of the same cell. Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, resulting in the production of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the main source of energy in cells. Because of its role in producing
ATP, it is often referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
1. What is the function of mitochondria?
2. ___________ is the main source of energy in cells.
3. What is the advantage of the folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion?
RIBOSOMES: Ribosomes are small, dense granules found free in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and lining of
the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA and are the
centers of protein synthesis in the cell. At the ribosomes amino acids are bonded together to form proteins.
1. Where are ribosomes located in the cell?
2. What are the functions of ribosomes?
3. What happens to amino acids at the ribosomes?
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Rough ER
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMS: The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranebound system of channels or tubes through which materials are transported within the cell.
The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum may also serve as sites for biochemical
reactions. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum—smooth and rough. The rough, or
granular, appearance of some endoplasmic reticulum is due to the presence of ribosomes
on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly
in cells involved in protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which has no ribosomes on its
membranes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of fats (lipids).
1. The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are _______________ and _______________.
2. What is the function of each endoplasmic reticulum?
GOLGI BODIES: The Golgi body is made up of a series of membrane- enclosed sacs, and it is usually
found near the endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle processes, packages, and ships the fats and proteins
produced by the ER. Through enzymatic activity, the Golgi body modifies proteins and lipids received from
the endoplasmic reticulum and repackages and exports them to new locations within the cell or sends them to
the cell’s surface.
1. What are the functions of the Golgi body?
2. Explain what happens to a protein once it leaves the rough ER.
LYSOSOMES: Lysosomes are “packages” or sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes, which are
found only in animal cells, are egg- shaped structures enclosed by a membrane. They keep
the enzymes separated from the rest of the cell contents until they are needed. These
digestive enzymes break down large molecules stored in the vacuoles (fats, proteins) into
smaller constitutes. Lysosomes also serve many other functions. For example, they can
break down destructive cells (bacteria) or cells and tissues that are no longer necessary for
an organism’s developments (cells that form a tadpole’s tail). Because of this ability to
digest, destroy, and clean out, lysosomes are sometimes referred to as the “garbage men of the cell.”
1. What are the functions of lysosomes?
VACUOLES: Vacuoles are membrane- enclosed structures that store materials such as water, starch, fats,
etc. They are formed from a piece of membrane that breaks loose from the cell membrane, Golgi apparatus,
or ER. In animals, there are usually several small vacuoles. In plants, there is usually only one large vacuole.
Much of the inside of a typical green plant cell is filled with a large vacuole. The pressure created by the
vacuole helps to maintain the rigid structure of the cell and of the plant. In protists, there are food vacuoles in
which food is digested so that the cell can use it. In some fresh water protozoa there are water vacuoles that
remove excess water from the cell and discharge it back into the environment.
1. In protozoans, such as the ameba, digestion occurs within _________________ vacuole.
2. How are vacuoles formed?
3. What is the function of the large vacuole present in the cells of green plants?
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MICROTUBULES: Microtubules are long hollow cylindrical structures
a part of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are composed of a protein called
tubulin. They give shape and rigidity to the cell. Cilia and flagella are hairlike and whip-like extensions, respectfully. They are formed from
specialized microtubules. Cilia and flagella aid cells in locomotion. In larger,
many-celled organism, cilia also move substances across the surface of cells.
MICROFILAMENTS: Microfilaments are long threadlike strands of
proteins that are a part of the cytoskeleton. They are associated with cell
movement, and in larger organism area associated with muscle contraction.
1. What are microtubules composed of?
2. _______________ and ___________ aid in locomotion of cells.
CENTROSOMES: Centrosomes are small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animal cells.
Within the centrosome are two small structures called centrioles, which are necessary for the movement of
chromosomes during cell division. Centrioles are only found in animal cells.
1. Centrioles are found only in __________________ cells.
2. What are the functions of centrioles?
Organelles found ONLY in PLANT cells:
CELL WALLS: Cell walls are structures found outside the cell membrane in plant cells and functions in
both support and protection. The cell wall is considered to be a “nonliving” part of the
cell since it does not take part in any of the functions of the cell. The cell wall is made
chiefly of cellulose, is relatively rigid, and provides support for the cell. Cellulose is in
the cell walls of many whole grains and is a source of dietary fiber.
1. What are the functions of the cell wall?
2. What are cell walls composed of? _____________________________
PLASTIDS: Plastids, found in most plant cells, have their own DNA and can
replicate themselves independently of nuclear DNA. There are thee types of plastids: leucoplasts (store starch),
chromoplasts (store pigment), and chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis). Chloroplasts, found in plant cells and
in some protists, contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which carries on the process of photosynthesis. In
photosynthesis, light energy is used for the manufacture of food (carbohydrate).
1. The source of energy for photosynthesis is _________________
2. The most important pigment in chloroplasts is _______________
3. What are three structural differences between a typical animal cell and
a typical green plant cell?
25
Matching: Review Questions
Review Questions: Match the functions with the names of the structures that are listed below. An organelle may
be used more than once.
A. Centrioles
K. Cilia and flagella
B. Lysosomes
L. Smooth ER
C. Cell membrane
M. Nucleolus
D. Mitochondria
N. Vacuoles
E. Cell wall
O. Golgi body
F. Nucleus
P. Plastids
G. Chloroplasts
Q. Microtubules
H. Ribosomes
R. Microfilament
I. Chromatin
S. Cytoplasm
J. Rough ER
____1. Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP
production
____2. Provide shape and rigidity to the cell
____3. Also called the plasma membrane
____4. Bags of enzymes used to digest particles/bacteria; “garbage men” of the cell; work with vacuoles.
____5. Control center of the cell; contains nucleolus and DNA
____6. External surface is studded with ribosomes
____7. Formed from a piece of cell membrane breaking loose; stores substances
____8. Sites for photosynthesis; found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll
____9. Locomotive structures; made up of microtubules
____10. Site of protein synthesis; found in cytoplasm and on rough ER
____11. Only found in animal cells; form spindle fibers during cell division
____12. Made mostly of cellulose, this encases or surrounds plant cells
____13. Watery substance that fills the interior of cells and suspends organelles
____14. Semipermeable barrier made of two layers of phospholipids
____15. Storage sacs; plant cells have a single large one; animal cells have many smaller ones
____16. Membranous structure that synthesizes fats (lipids)
____17. Membranous structure that synthesizes proteins
____18. Uncoiled DNA; coils into chromosomes during cell division
____19. Location where photosynthesis occurs
____20. Location where ribosomes are formed
____21. Makes up cilia, flagella, and centrioles
____22. Act as a transport system for newly formed proteins
____23. Processes, packages, and stores the fats and proteins produced by the ER
____24. Structures found only in plant cells; chloroplasts are one type
____25. Involved in muscle contraction in larger organisms
26
UNIT REVIEW: Cellular Structure & Function
____1) Which molecule is found in a cell’s membrane and prevents the fatty acid tails from
sticking together?
a) keratin
b) collagen
c) protein
d) cholesterol
____2) Not all substances can cross the cell membrane, for this reason, the cell membrane is said to be
a) a barrier b) selectively permeable
c) membrane bound
d) a cell wall
____3) Provides structure and support in plant cells:
a) nuclear envelope
b) a cell membrane
____4) Microfilaments and microtubules
a) contain digestive enzymes
b) function in cell structure and movement
c) cell wall
d) ribosomes
c) are sites of protein synthesis
d) are sites of photosynthesis
____5) The cell organelle that processes and packages lipids and proteins is the ______________.
a) mitochondria
b) ribosomes
c) Golgi apparatus
d) ER
____6) The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the _______.
a) mitochondria
b) smooth ER
c) Golgi apparatus
d) lysosome
____7) The shape of the cell depends on its _______.
a) location
b) structure
c) function
d) size
____8) A prokaryote has __________________.
a) a nucleus b) a cell membrane c) membrane bound organelles
d) All of the above
____9) The first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells was _________.
a) Robert Hooke
b) Rudolf Virchow
c) Anton Leeuenhoek
d) Theodor Schwann
____10) The movement of PARTICLES from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration is called _____________________.
a) osmosis
b) diffusion
c) isotonic
d) kinetic energy
____11) The osmotic effect in plants is known as ____________________.
a) diffusion
b) plasmolysis
c) capillary action
d) turgor pressure
____12) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that ONLY:
a) prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane
b) prokaryotic cells have a nucleus
c) eukaryotic cells have genetic information
d) eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles
____13) The organelle that organizes protein synthesis is the _____________.
a) mitochondrion
b) ribosome
c)centriole
d) lysosome
____14) After a protein is made by a ribosome, where will it most likely go next?
a) rough ER, nucleus b) rough ER, smooth ER c) rough ER, golgi d) nucleus, lysosome
27
____15) The part of the cell that regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell is the _____.
a) nucleus
b) cell membrane
c) golgi apparatus
d) mitochondrion
____16) Cells that have high energy requirement generally have many _____________.
a) nuclei
b) flagella
c) mitochondria
d) microfilaments
____17) A solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) is HIGHER than the
concentration inside the cell.
a) ionic
b) isotonic
c) hypotonic
d) hypertonic
____18) Control center for all cell functions is called the _______________.
a) nucleus
b) nucleolus
c) mitochondria
d) golgi apparatus
____19) Cell walls are composed of ________________.
a) protein
b) cellulose
c) monosacharrides
d) lipids
____20) The gelatin-like aqueous fluid that organelles are bathed in is the _________________
a) crista
b) nucleolus
c) cytoplasm
d) centromere
____21) Organelle that converts sunlight, CO2 and water into sugars (photosynthesis) is called a ___.
a) ribosome
b) lysosome
c) chloroplast
d) vacuole
____22) The cell organelle that transfers energy to ATP is the ________________.
a) mitochondrion
b) smooth ER
c) nucleus
d) Golgi apparatus
____23) Storage (food, water) chambers within a cell are known as _____________.
a) micorfilaments
b) lysosomes
c) vacuoles
d) ribosomes
____24) Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory?
a) All matter consists of at least one cell.
b) Cells are the basic units of life.
c) All cells arise from preexisting cells.
d) All organisms are made of one or more cells.
____25) A cell membrane is a thin layer of lipids and ___________.
a) monosaccharides
b) proteins
c) chitin
d) water
____26) Cell membranes are made of two phospholipid layers called a ______________.
a) bilayer
b) hydrophilic
c) polarity
d) semilayer
____27) The cell organelle that synthesizes RNA is known as __________
a) mitochondria
b) rough ER
c) ribosomes
d) nucleolus
____28) The organelles that assists other organelles to move from place to place is the cell are_____.
a) ribosomes
b) microfilaments
c) vacuoles
d) chloroplasts
____29) When food is pushed out of the paramecium, (one celled protist) this process is called__.
a) osmosis
b) diffusion
c) exocytosis
d) endocytosis
____30) Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells contain NO _____________.
a) nucleus
b) cell membrane
c) eukaryotes
d) bilayers
28
____31) The movement of materials across the plasma membrane by the use of transport proteins is:
a) osmosis b) passive diffusion
c) facilitated diffusion d) transport diffusion
____32) Unlike animals cells, plant cells have ______________.
a) cell membranes
b) mitochondria
c) cell walls
d) chromosomes
____33) The loss of turgor pressure; causes plant to wilt is known as _______________
a) osmosis
b) turbulence
c) plasmolysis
d) dynamic equilibrium
____34) Movement of molecules across the membrane by using their kinetic energy is called ________.
a) concentration gradient
b) passive transport
c) facilitated diffusion d) active transport
____35) Type of ER that has ribosomes attached to it:
a) smooth ER
b) rough ER
c) hard ER
d) soft ER
____36) What are cells that contain a nucleus or nuclei called?
a) eukaryotes
b) prokaryotes
c) ribosomes
d) nucleoli
____37) Osmosis will not occur when a cell is placed in the following solution:
a) salt water
b) hypotonic
c)hypertonic
d) isotonic
____38) ________________ coined the word “cell” based on where monks lived.
a) Anton Leeuenhoek
b) Robert Hooke c) Theodor Schwann d) Mathias Schleiden
____39) _____ assists in the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
a) nuclear envelope
b) cytoskeleton
c) spindle fibers
d) centrioles
____40) _____ are structures that carry out specific functions in the cell.
a) cytoskeleton
b) organelles
c) crista
d) chloroplasts
____41) Which molecule is attached to proteins in a cell’s membrane and helps transmit chemical signals?
a) carbohydrate
b) collagen
c) lipid
d) cholesterol
42) Determine if the animal cell is placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solution by CIRCLING the
correct answer above the box. Then draw a picture of this situation in the box provided showing the
movement of WATER. Be sure to write what would happen to an ANIMAL CELL when placed in this
solution.
a) An animal cell containing 73% water, and 27% solutes was placed in a solution containing 27%
water and 73% solutes.
• What would happen to the animal cell?
_____________________________________________________________________________
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
29
Label the parts of these two cells:
Cell A
Cell B
30
Unit Learning Map- 14 days
Mrs. Sim
Class: Biology A – Cellular Structure & Function
Unit Essential Question(s):
Optional
Instructional Tools:
How does a cell’s
structure impact its
function?
Concept
Concept
Microscopes
Slides & Coverslips
Potato Lab
Egg Lab
Concept
Concept
History
Cell Types
Organelles
Cell Transport
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
Lesson Essential Questions:
What are the
functions of all
cellular
organelles?
How does passive
transport differ
from active
transport?
What are the
scientific
discoveries that
lead to the
creation of the
cell theory?
Vocabulary:
Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Cell Theory
Tissue
Organ
How do
eukaryotic cells
differ from
prokaryotic cells?
Vocabulary:
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Nucleus
Organelles
Vocabulary:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Ribosome
Golgi body
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Cilia
Flagella
Chromatin
Centrioles
Cell wall
chloroplasts
Vocabulary:
Phospholipids
Phospholipid Bilayer
Cholesterol
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Select. Permeable
Facilitated Diffusion
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Active Transport
Turgor Pressure
Plasmolysis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
31
Cell Vocabulary:
1) Anton von Leeuwenhoek = became the first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and
living cells
2) Robert Hooke = used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork and described it as consisting of "a
great many little boxes". It was after his observation that Hooke called what he saw "cells". They looked
like "little boxes" and reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived. So he called them "cells"
3) Cell theory = Cells are the basic units of life; All cells arise from preexisting cells; All organisms are made
of one or more cells.
4) Tissue = a group of cells functioning together to perform and activity
5) Organs = groups of two or more tissues that function together
6) Eukaryotic cell = cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
7) Prokaryotic cell = cells that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
8) Organelles = carries out specific functions in a cell
9) Nucleus = Control center of the cell
10) Cytoplasm = Suspends organelles; site of chemical reactions; mostly water
11) Nucleolus = Site of RNA synthesis and produces ribosomes
12) Rough ER = acts like a conveyer belt and transports proteins
13) Smooth ER = produces lipids
14) Ribosomes = produces proteins
15) Golgi body = Temporary storage, secretion and packaging of proteins and fats
16) Mitochondria = Powerhouse of the cell (energy production →ATP)
17) Vacuoles = Storage of water, starch, fats, etc; animals have many small ones and plants have a large
water vacuole
18) Lysosomes = Contains digestive enzymes that break down molecules; ONLY in animal cells
19) Cytoskeleton = Acts as sort of a scaffold to provide support for organelles; Helps maintain cell shape
20) Microfilaments = Associated with muscle contractions in large organisms; apart of cytoskeleton
21) Microtubules = Provides shape and rigidity to the cell; apart of cytoskeleton
22) Cilia = Hair-like structure on the outside of the cell; aids in movement and locomotion of the entire cell
(intestinal cells)
23) Flagella = Whip-like structure on the outside of the cell; Aids in movement and locomotion of the entire
cell (sperm)
24) Chromatin = Uncoiled DNA; involved in duplicating the cells
25) Centrioles = Moves chromosomes during cell division; ONLY in animal cells
26) Cell wall = supports and protects; ONLY in plant cell; outside the plasma membrane
27) Chloroplast = site of photosynthesis; ONLY in plant cells
28) Phospholipids = a kind of lipid that consists of 2 FATTY ACIDS (tails), and PHOSPHATE GROUP
(heads)
32
29) Hydrophobic = fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled by water
30) Hydrophilic = phosphate heads are polar and are attracted to water
31) Phospholipid Bilayer = cell membrane that consist of two phospholipid layers
32) Cholesterol = a carbohydrate found in the membrane to provide structure and shape; prevents fatty actid
tails from sticking together
33) Passive Transport = movement of molecules across the membrane by using the molecules kinetic
energy. The cell exerts NO energy!
34) Diffusion = the net movement of particles from an area of HIGHER concentration of particles to an area
of LOWER concentration of particles.
35) Osmosis = the diffusion of water molecules from an area of HIGH water concentration to an area of
LOW water concentration
36) Selectively permeable = some molecules can easily pass through the plasma membrane while other
molecules cannot.
37) Facilitated Diffusion = type of passive transport that increases the rate of diffusion with the use of
carrier proteins
38) Hypertonic = a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is HIGHER than the
concentration inside the cell
39) Hypotonic = a solution in which the concentration of solutes is LOWER than the concentration of
solutes inside the cell
40) Isotonic = a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) is the SAME as the
concentration of solutes inside the cell
41) Plasmolysis = the loss of turgor pressure causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall
42) Turgor Pressure = internal pressure of a cell due to water held there by osmotic pressure
43) Active Transport = transport of materials against the concentration gradient and requires cellular energy
44) Endocytosis = type of active transport by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its
environment
45) Exocytosis = type of active transport that expels materials out of the cell, reverse of endocytosis
33