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Some No-Nonsense Facts on Kimberly Blain Genetics Wells Middle School Houston, TX Chromosomes DNA is found Everywhere The DNA of these species is so similar because the basic organization of life is widely shared, with the largest differences found between plants and animals, or between tiny single-celled organisms like yeast and large multi-cellular organisms like ourselves. The similarities reflect a common ancestry to be shared by all life on Earth. A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. A circular strand of DNA in bacteria that contains the hereditary information necessary for cell life. Genes Phenotype This is the "outward, physical appearance" of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms, molecules, cells, structures, metabolism, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors; anything that is part of the observable structure, function or behavior of a living organism. A hereditary unit consisting of a How can we apply genetics ? sequence of DNA that occupies a Genetics provides us a pathway to improve plants and animals. Geneticists specific location on a chromosome selectively control traits to benefit the and determines a particular community. An example is teosinte characteristic in an organism. Teosinte has been selectively bred since Genes undergo mutation when 8000BC. Teosinte has been genetically their DNA sequence changes. modified to produce more kernals of corn on a larger stalk. Teosinte is now called maize . Maize is used as feed corn for livestock. DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Genotype Alleles One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome. Genome DNA Fingerprint A DNA fingerprint is a process of looking at the similarities and differences in organisms’ DNA sequences . Distinguish Individual Identity from a population. The total genetic content contained in a haploid set of chromosomes in eukaryotes (animal cell), in a single chromosome in bacteria, or in the DNA or RNA of viruses. An organism's genetic material. This is the "internally coded, heritable information" carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code in DNA), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("heritable"). These instructions are intimately involved with all aspects of the life of a cell or an organism. GENOTYPE = PHENOTYPE + ENVIRONMENT