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period ________ name ___________________________________________________ table _____ seat ____ Biology Review #2 for Final Exam Semester 1 Irish potato farmers did not allow their plants to undergo sexual reproduction. How did this cause the famine? Why do we call sperm cells “haploid”, and why is it important that gametes are haploid, and not diploid? Their plants were genetically identical. Since the blight fungus could kill one plant, it could kill them all, and that’s what caused a lack of food (famine). Sperm are haploid because the contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells, which are diploid. You’re heterozygous for tongue rolling (Rr) and heterozygous for blue eyes (Bb). Predict all the allele combination that could be present in your gametes. It’s important that human zygote s diploid (46 total chromosomes). A sperm cell (23 chromosome) fertilized an ovum (also 23 chromosome) to get a diploid zygote. Compare and contrast RNA and DNA with a Double Bubble. List the 4 macromolecules, each one’s monomer, and a good “real life” example of each. In our fictitious “honeymoon ceviche dinner” story, why was it that the husband got sick the first time he ate ceviche, but not the second time? macromolecule monomer example protein carbohydrate nucleic acid lipid amino acid sugar nucleotide fatty acid enzymes glucose RNA cell memb. His B-cells had not made antibodies, so he got sick the first time, but afterwards, the B-cells got a “memory” and created antibodies, so his immune system was already ready the second time. Describe a functional analogy for a cell membrane. What does it mean to be biologically successful? What is the #1 role of an enzyme? Describe a functional analogy. A job interview allows only certain people to work, like a cell membrane allows only certain molecules to pass. to be able to reproduce and pass on alleles to the next generation An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells. A friend who helps you clean your room is like an enzyme because she only speeds up the process, which would have gotten done either with or without her, but it’s faster if she helps. period ________ name ___________________________________________________ table _____ seat ____ Biology Review #3 for Final Exam Semester 1 Which plays a greater role in deciding whether an individual is going to be biologically successful: his phenotype, or genotype? Why? If the DNA transcript is TAC AGT TCA ATC what would be the sequence of amino acids produced? If the mRNA transcript is UUU AAA GGG CCC what was the DNA transcript that was used as a template? Natural selection depends on phenotype. For example, if the genotype was Ww, or WW, you’d have small wrists, so the genotype isn’t really what’s important; it’s the phenotype. You’d survive either way. Methionine – Serine – Serine AAA TTT CCC GGG “Bob” can roll his tongue (Rr), but his wife “Mary” cannot (rr). Predict the chances that any offspring could also roll their tongue. “A cell suddenly lost the functionality of its tRNA, therefore, that cell would not be able to synthesize RNA.” Respond to this statement by arguing for or against it. Very high fevers can be dangerous. Describe what happens to the enzymes in a sick person’s neurons if his fever does not “break”. False. tRNA participates in translation, which follows transcription (when RNA is made). Therefore, only translation would be affected, not transcription. Enzymes are proteins, which denature (change shape) if it’s too hot, or pH is too extreme, or ionic conditions are too extreme. Changing an enzyme’s shape means it won’t fit its substrate, so the enzyme cannot do its job. (The last one is a stop, which isn’t an amino acid). “The Golgi serves the same kind of purpose as college does for young people.” Why does Mr. F say this? What makes viral reproduction so very different than prokaryotic reproduction? The Golgi is where the polypeptide is folded into its mature, functional shape. College is where most of you grow up and mature into an adult. Viruses need to take over a host cell and use its ribosomes and other “machinery” to reproduce more viruses. Prokaryotes don’t need host cells to reproduce. What does “catalyze” mean, and how does it relate to enzymes? to speed up chemical reactions Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. period ________ name ___________________________________________________ table _____ seat ____ Biology Review #1 for Final Exam Semester 1 What is the relationship between water, and chlorophyll, and light energy (in terms of photosynthesis)? Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight energy, which breaks bonds in water molecules. What are the balanced chemical reactions for photosynthesis and cellular respiration? How are they related? Photosynthesis What are the products of photosynthesis? Of cellular respiration? Why are they critical for sustaining life on earth? Products of photosynthesis glucose = C6H12O6 oxygen gas = O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2--> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Products of cellular respiration carbon dioxide = CO2 water = H2O The two reactions are exact opposites. The products of photosynthesis become the reactants of cellular respiration. What is meant by homeostasis? How is ATP related to homeostasis? Precisely why do plants need water? If you deprive a plant of sunlight, why does it die? Why precisely does drowning in a pool kill a person? What is the function of the electron transport chain? Why has Mr. Fujiyama said that oxygen gas is like a tow truck?