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Transcript
4.1: Introduction to the Cell MICROSCOPES • Create detailed images of something that is otherwise too small to see Light microscopes Electron microscopes - ______________________ or -______________________EM _______________________ or ____________________ EM Light Microscopes: • If specimen is too small that a light ________________________ cannot pass through it, you can’t see it • If you see a “r” on the slide you see a “ ________” as the magnified image • 3 ways it moves image _______________________, ___________________, & _____________________ Electron Microsopy • Uses streams of accelerated ____________________ rather than _______________ • Electrons are focused by _________________ rather than glass ________________ I. Discovery of cells: People you need to know a) Robert Hooke: (1665)_____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek:(1673) _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ c) Henri Dutrochet : (1824) _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ d) Robert Brown: (1831) _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ e) Matthias Schleiden: (1838) ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ f) Theodor Schwann: (1839) ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ g) Rudolf Virchow:(1855)_____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ II. The Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of __________________ 2) The cell is the ____________________________________________________ 3) Cells arise _____________________________________________ 1 III. Cell Size • Cells are limited to being _____________________ bc of their • _______________________________ to ______________________ ratio • Smaller the cell easier for ___________________ & ___________________ to travel to & from center (nucleus) IV. Cell Shape • Shape has to do with _________________________ • Ex. V. Other Features of Cells: a) Highly complex internal structure made up of ___________________________ -components of a cell that specialize in _______________________ b) Have _______________________ information that they can pass down from _______________________ cells c) Can get and use _______________________ (photosynthesis & cell respiration) d) Can ___________________________ - make up and break down of molecules e) Can __________________ (even organelles) / respond to _________________ f) Have these 3 structures: - _______________________________ - separates cell from external environ. - ______________________________ - fluid-filled cell interior - ___________________________ - holds genetic info stored as DNA Types of Cells: Prokaryotes: Eukaryotes: 1. Eu = _____________ karyote= ___________________ 2. Size: ______________ than prok. 3. Have organelles? _____________ 4. Control-center: _______________ 5. Evolved from prokaryotes by Endosymbiotic Theory 6. Domain: ____________________ Includes Kingdoms: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ 1. Pro = _____________ karyote = __________________ 2. Size: _____________ (5 – 10 um) 3. Have organelles? _____________ 4. Control-center: ________________ 5. Most primitive type of cell 6. Domains: _________________& _________________________ 2 Prokaryote – bacteria cell Eukaryote –animal cell Eukaryote – plant cell 3 7.2: Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cytoskeleton - flexible, tiny tubes that make up the “____________________” of eukaryotic cells 1. _____________________________ - solid protein (actin) 2. _____________________________ - hollow tubes of protein (tubulin) 3. _____________________________ - rods that anchor organelles to their places Function: a. maintains cell ___________________ and provides _______________________ b. ____________________ organelles and enzymes to specific regions of the cell c. helps cell _________________________ & _______________________ d. __________________________ transport 2. Cilia and Flagella - composed of __________________________________________ 1. cilia - ________________________________________________ 2. flagella - ______________________________________________ Function: _________________________________________ 3. Centriole –two perpendicular cylindrical structures found outside of the nucleus of animal cells. 1. pair of centrioles ______________________________ Function: a. forming a _______________________________________ in mitosis 4. Nucleus – 1. nuclear membrane ______________________________________________ 2. outer membrane is ________________________________________________ 3. nucleoplasm ______________________________________________________ 4. chromosomes/chromatin ____________________________________________ 5. nucleolus ______________________________________________________ Function: a. keeps DNA ______________________________ from ___________________ b. makes it ________________________ to organize _______________ and to copy it before parent cells divide into daughter cells 4 Endomembrane System (includes ER, ribosomes, Golgi, & vesicles) 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum 1. rough ER – ribosomes? ___________ looks like? ______________________ ______________________ function? ______________________ ______________________ 2. smooth ER – ribosomes? ___________ looks like? ______________________ ______________________ function? ______________________ ______________________ Function: a. modifies new __________________________________________________ b. makes ______________________________ 6. Golgi Apparatus - flattened stacks which receive ___________________________ from ER 1. vesicles – “vacuoles” that hold protein and lipids packaged by the Golgi body to be sent to final destinations Function: a. b. c. 7. Ribosomes 1. May be either __________________ or ________________________to ER 2. Facilitates tRNA to mRNA 3. made up of ____________________________ & ________________ (2 subunits) Function: a. site of ___________________________________________________ (tells _______________________________how to make proteins) 8. Lysosome & Peroxisome - _______________________________ Function: a. contain __________________________ that breakdown: 9. Plant Central Vacuole 1. major _____________________________ space in center of plant cell Functions: a. __________________________ - breaks down macromolecules b. __________________________ - ions, sugars, amino acids, toxic wastes, water c. _________________________ - when pushes against cell walls, plant is up straight 5 10. Mitochondria - ______________________________________________ 1. Found in _______ eukaryotic cells (yes, even in plant cells) 2. Contains its own DNA which comes only from __________________ 3. Enclosed by a double ______________________________________ - inner membrane looks like many folds inside called ______________________ - Why the folds? - to increase _____________________________________ Function: a. Makes _____________ by __________________________________________ 11. Chloroplasts - _______________________________________________ 1. Found only in _________________________, type of _____________________ 2. Contains its own ___________________ 3. Enclosed in a ___________________________________________ - inside is made up of flattened sacs called _____________________________ Function: a. Makes ____________ & _____________ then _____________________ by ____________________________________________ Endosymbiotic Theory by Lynn ______________________________ -suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts may have evolved from ancient bacteria that were engulfed but not digested into eukaryotic cells Evidence: 1. they look like _______________________ 2. they have their own _________________ 3. they have their own double _________________ 4. they can ___________________ on their own hmmm…. 12. Plasma Membrane 1. ________________________________________ - allows only certain materials to enter or leave the cell 2. ________________________________________ - 2 layers of phospholipids 3. ________________________________________ - proteins and lipids move sideways fluid - proteins and lipids dot the membrane surface to look like a “picture” mosaic function: a. ___________________________________________ 13. Cell Wall 1. Outer layer, wraps around the plasma membrane in plant and some fungi & protist cells Function: a. _____________________ & ________________________ cells 6 VI. Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 1. Proposed by Lynn Margulis 2. Free living prokaryote eaten by host 3. Genes transferred to host nucleus 4. Some genes are retained but most are lost – cell can no longer survive outside of host 5. Symbiotic relationship 7 c. o o a. photosynthetic symbiont provides sugar – becomes a chloroplast b. aerobic symbiont provides a more efficient energy generating system – becomes a mitochondrion host provides a stable environment, nutrients, energy and proteins 6. Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory a. Chlorplasts and mitochondria have DNA 1. their DNA does not code for all proteins 2. some genes are in the nucleus 3. proteins imported from cytoplasm b. Organelle proteins are similar to bacterial form c. Ribosome structure and metabolic enzymes are more similar to bacterial form Organelle proteins similar to bacterial form Ribosome structure and metabolic enzymes more similar to bacterial forms 8 9 10