Download ch4 cells guided notes

4.1: Introduction to the Cell
MICROSCOPES
• Create detailed images of something that is otherwise too small to see
Light microscopes
Electron microscopes
- ______________________ or
-______________________EM
_______________________
or ____________________ EM
Light Microscopes:
• If specimen is too small that a light ________________________ cannot pass through
it, you can’t see it
• If you see a “r” on the slide  you see a “ ________” as the magnified image
• 3 ways it moves image 
_______________________, ___________________, & _____________________
Electron Microsopy
• Uses streams of accelerated ____________________ rather than _______________
• Electrons are focused by _________________ rather than glass ________________
I.
Discovery of cells: People you need to know
a) Robert Hooke: (1665)_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek:(1673)
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
c) Henri Dutrochet : (1824) _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
d) Robert Brown: (1831) _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
e) Matthias Schleiden: (1838) ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
f) Theodor Schwann: (1839) ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
g) Rudolf Virchow:(1855)_____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
II. The Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of __________________
2) The cell is the ____________________________________________________
3) Cells arise _____________________________________________
1
III. Cell Size
• Cells are limited to being _____________________ bc of their
•
_______________________________ to ______________________ ratio
• Smaller the cell  easier for ___________________ & ___________________
to travel to & from center (nucleus)
IV. Cell Shape
• Shape has to do with _________________________
• Ex. V. Other Features of Cells:
a) Highly complex internal structure made up of ___________________________
-components of a cell that specialize in _______________________
b) Have _______________________ information that they can pass down from
_______________________ cells
c) Can get and use _______________________ (photosynthesis & cell respiration)
d) Can ___________________________ - make up and break down of molecules
e) Can __________________ (even organelles) / respond to _________________
f) Have these 3 structures:
- _______________________________ - separates cell from external environ.
- ______________________________ - fluid-filled cell interior
- ___________________________ - holds genetic info stored as DNA
Types of Cells:
Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:
1. Eu = _____________
karyote= ___________________
2. Size: ______________ than prok.
3. Have organelles? _____________
4. Control-center:
_______________
5. Evolved from prokaryotes by
Endosymbiotic Theory
6. Domain: ____________________
Includes Kingdoms: ______________
______________
______________
______________
1. Pro = _____________
karyote = __________________
2. Size: _____________ (5 – 10 um)
3. Have organelles? _____________
4. Control-center:
________________
5. Most primitive type of cell
6. Domains: _________________&
_________________________
2
Prokaryote – bacteria cell
Eukaryote –animal cell
Eukaryote – plant cell
3
7.2: Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
1. Cytoskeleton
- flexible, tiny tubes that make up the “____________________” of eukaryotic cells
1. _____________________________ - solid protein (actin)
2. _____________________________ - hollow tubes of protein (tubulin)
3. _____________________________ - rods that anchor organelles to their places
Function:
a. maintains cell ___________________ and provides _______________________
b. ____________________ organelles and enzymes to specific regions of the cell
c. helps cell _________________________ & _______________________
d. __________________________ transport
2. Cilia and Flagella
- composed of __________________________________________
1. cilia - ________________________________________________
2. flagella - ______________________________________________
Function:
_________________________________________
3. Centriole
–two perpendicular cylindrical structures found outside of the nucleus of animal cells.
1. pair of centrioles  ______________________________
Function:
a. forming a _______________________________________ in mitosis
4. Nucleus –
1. nuclear membrane ______________________________________________
2. outer membrane is ________________________________________________
3. nucleoplasm ______________________________________________________
4. chromosomes/chromatin ____________________________________________
5. nucleolus ______________________________________________________
Function:
a. keeps DNA ______________________________ from ___________________
b. makes it ________________________ to organize _______________ and to copy
it before parent cells divide into daughter cells
4
Endomembrane System (includes ER, ribosomes, Golgi, & vesicles)
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. rough ER –
 ribosomes? ___________
 looks like?
______________________
______________________
 function?
______________________
______________________
2. smooth ER –
 ribosomes? ___________
 looks like?
______________________
______________________
 function?
______________________
______________________
Function:
a. modifies new __________________________________________________
b. makes ______________________________
6. Golgi Apparatus
- flattened stacks which receive ___________________________ from ER
1. vesicles – “vacuoles” that hold protein and lipids packaged by the Golgi body to be sent
to final destinations
Function:
a.
b.
c.
7. Ribosomes
1. May be either __________________ or ________________________to ER
2. Facilitates tRNA to mRNA
3. made up of ____________________________ & ________________ (2 subunits)
Function:
a. site of ___________________________________________________
(tells _______________________________how to make proteins)
8. Lysosome & Peroxisome
- _______________________________
Function:
a. contain __________________________ that breakdown:
9. Plant Central Vacuole
1. major _____________________________ space in center of plant cell
Functions:
a. __________________________ - breaks down macromolecules
b. __________________________ - ions, sugars, amino acids, toxic wastes, water
c. _________________________ - when pushes against cell walls, plant is up straight
5
10. Mitochondria - ______________________________________________
1. Found in _______ eukaryotic cells (yes, even in plant cells)
2. Contains its own DNA which comes only from __________________
3. Enclosed by a double ______________________________________
- inner membrane looks like many folds inside called ______________________
- Why the folds? - to increase _____________________________________
Function:
a. Makes _____________ by __________________________________________
11. Chloroplasts - _______________________________________________
1. Found only in _________________________, type of _____________________
2. Contains its own ___________________
3. Enclosed in a ___________________________________________
- inside is made up of flattened sacs called _____________________________
Function:
a. Makes ____________ & _____________ then _____________________ by
____________________________________________
Endosymbiotic Theory by Lynn ______________________________
-suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts may have evolved from ancient bacteria
that were engulfed but not digested into eukaryotic cells
Evidence:
1. they look like _______________________
2. they have their own _________________
3. they have their own double _________________
4. they can ___________________ on their own
hmmm….
12. Plasma Membrane
1. ________________________________________
- allows only certain materials to enter or leave the cell
2. ________________________________________
- 2 layers of phospholipids
3. ________________________________________
- proteins and lipids move sideways  fluid
- proteins and lipids dot the membrane surface to look like a “picture”  mosaic
function:
a. ___________________________________________
13. Cell Wall
1. Outer layer, wraps around the plasma membrane in plant and some fungi & protist cells
Function:
a. _____________________ & ________________________ cells
6
VI. Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 1. Proposed by Lynn Margulis
2. Free living prokaryote eaten by host
3. Genes transferred to host nucleus
4. Some genes are retained but most are lost – cell can no longer
survive outside of host
5. Symbiotic relationship
7
c.
o
o
a. photosynthetic symbiont provides sugar – becomes a chloroplast
b. aerobic symbiont provides a more efficient energy generating
system – becomes a mitochondrion
host provides a stable environment, nutrients, energy and
proteins
6. Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory
a. Chlorplasts and mitochondria have DNA
1. their DNA does not code for all proteins
2. some genes are in the nucleus
3. proteins imported from cytoplasm
b. Organelle proteins are similar to bacterial form
c. Ribosome structure and metabolic enzymes are more similar to
bacterial form
Organelle proteins similar to bacterial form
Ribosome structure and metabolic enzymes more similar to bacterial forms
8
9
10