* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to Psychology
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neurophilosophy wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Binding problem wikipedia , lookup
Eyeblink conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy of memory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Impact of health on intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Donald O. Hebb wikipedia , lookup
AP Psychology Study Guide –Midterm 2013 The format of the midterm will be similar to the AP exam. You will have 100 multiple choice questions and 1 essay question. You will have two class periods to complete the exam. This review guide lists the topics and terms we covered in this semester. I recommend starting by reviewing the terms, then moving on to the concepts. Introduction to Psychology Describe hindsight bias and explain how it often leads us to perceive psychological research as merely common sense. Discuss how overconfidence contaminates our everyday judgments. Compare and contrast case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and the experimental method. Explain the importance of proper sampling. Describe both positive and negative correlations and explain how correlational measures aid the process of prediction. Explain why correlational research fails to provide evidence of cause-and-effect relationships. Discuss how people form illusory correlations and perceive order in random sequence. Describe the three measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and the two measures of variation (range and standard deviation) Explain the difference between random sampling and random assortment and discuss why each is important. Be able to determine the independent and dependent variables in an experiment Explain why psychologists study animals. Discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and people. Terms: Hindsight bias Overconfidence Independent variable Dependent variable Random sample Random assignment Illusory correlation Hypothesis False-consensus effect Control treatment Operational definition Case study Naturalistic observation Correlation Placebo effect Survey Double blind Single blind Standard deviation Mean Median Mode Scatterplot Normal distribution Skewed distribution Range Neurobiology Describe the structure of a neuron and explain how nerve impulses are generated Describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the impact of neurotransmitters and drugs on human behavior. Identify the major divisions of the nervous system and describe their functions. Contrast the three types of neurons that transmit information through the nervous system. Identify and describe techniques for studying the brain (lesions, EEG, PET, CAT, MRI) Describe the functions of the brainstem (medulla and reticular formation), thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic system (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus) Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, and describe the sensory and motor functions of the cortex. Discuss the importance of association areas, and describe how damage to several different cortical areas can impair language functioning. Discuss the capacity of the brain to reorganize following injury or illness. Describe research on the split brain, and discuss what is reveals about normal brain processing. Describe the nature and functions of the endocrine system and its interaction with the nervous system. Terms Neurotransmitters Hormones Dendrites Endorphins Neurons Glial cells Endocrine glands Axons Synapse Reuptake Threshold Action potential Myelin sheath Cell body Synaptic vesicle Refractory period Lesion Interneuron Affector neuron (sensory neuron) Effector neuron (motor neuron) PET scan MRI Association area Reflex All-or-non Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Agonist Antagonist Curare Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s Schizophrenia Depression Autonomic NS Somatic NS Parasympathetic NS Sympathetic NS Central NS Peripheral NS Limbic system Amygdala Hypothalamus Cerebellum Thalamus Reticular formation Medulla Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Sensory cortex Motor cortex Wernicke’s area Broca’s area Corpus callosum Hippocampus Auditory cortex Visual cortex Aphasia Plasticity Nature vs. Nurture Discuss the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Identify gender differences in sexual behavior and describe and evaluate evolutionary explanations for those differences. Describe how twin and adoption studies help us differentiate heredity and environmental influences on human traits. Discuss how differences in infant temperament illustrate the effect of heredity on development Discuss the interaction of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Explain how twins may experience different prenatal environmental and describe the effect of experience on brain development. Describe how an individual’s peer group and culture influence development. Explain how biological sex is determined and describe the role of sex hormones in biological development and gender differences. Discuss the importance of gender roles and explain how social and cognitive factors contribute to gender identity and gender-typing Terms Genes Chromosomes DNA Nucleotide Gender schema Social learning theory Gender Sex Gender-typing Culture Gender role Evolutionary psychology Temperament Cultural norms Fraternal twins Identical twins Adoption studies Natural selection Consciousness Sleep cycle Circadian rhythm http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504803_162-20026088-10391709.html Learning Describe how behavioralism approached the study of learning. Describe the general process of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov’s experiments. Explain the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. Discuss the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in classical and operant conditioning. Describe the process of operant conditioning, including the procedure of shaping, as demonstrated by Skinner’s experiments. Identify the different types of reinforcers and describe the major schedules of partial reinforcement. Discuss the effects of punishment on behavior. Describe the process of observational learning as demonstrated by Bandura’s experiments, and discuss the impact of antisocial and prosocial models. Terms Learning Overjustification effect Latent learning Generalization Shaping Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning Primary vs. secondary reinforcers Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Discrimination Punishment Fixed vs. variable reinforcers Ratio vs. interval reinforcers. UCS, CS, UCR, CR Positive vs. negative reinforcers Continuous Cognitive map Development Discuss the course of prenatal development and the destructive impact of teratogens. Describe the capacities of newborns and the use of habituation for assessing infant cognition. Describe Piaget’s view of how the mind develops and discuss his stage theory of cognitive development, noting current thinking regarding cognitive stages. Discuss the effect of body contact, familiarity, and responsive parenting on social attachments. Describe the benefits of a secure attachment and the impact of parental neglect and separation, as well as day care on childhood development. Describe the early development of a self-concept. Discuss the possible effects of different parenting styles on children. Define adolescence and identify major physical changes that occur during this period of life. Describe the structure of language in terms of sounds, meanings, and grammar. Trace the course of language acquisition from the babbling stage through the two-word stage. Explain how the nature-nurture debate is illustrated in the various theories of language development. Describe the adolescent’s growing reasoning power and Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Discuss the search for identity and the development of intimate social relationships during the adolescent years. Describe Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Identify the major physical changes that occur in middle and older adulthood. Describe the impact of aging on adult memory and intelligence. Terms Cognitive Embryo Zygote Fetus Placenta Teratogen Fetal alcohol syndrome Rooting reflex Conservation Attachment Imprinting Accommodation Assimilation Schema Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Object permanence Stranger anxiety Egocentrism Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage Preconventional Conventional Postconventional Linguistic relativity Critical period Syntax Semantics Phoneme Morpheme Secure vs. insecure attachment Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Theory of mind Sensation and Perception Contrast sensation and perception. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds. Discuss research finding on subliminal stimulation. Describe the phenomenon of sensory adaptation and explain its functional value. Explain the visual process, including the stimulus input, the structure of the eye, and the transduction of light energy. Explain the opponent-process theory of color vision. Explain the auditory process, including the stimulus input and the structure of the ear. Explain place and frequency theories of pitch perception and describe how we locate sounds. Describe the sense of touch and explain the basis of pain. Describe the senses of taste and smell and comment on the nature of sensory interaction. Distinguish between kinesthesis and the vestibular sense. Describe how the process of perception is directed and limited by selective attention Discuss Gestalt psychology’s contribution to our understanding of psychology. Explain the figure-ground relationship, and identify the principles of grouping in form perception. Discuss research of depth perception involving the use of the visual cliff, and describe the binocular and monocular cues in depth perception. Describe stroboscopic movement and the phi phenomenon. Describe the perceptual constancies, and show how the perceived size-distance relationship operates in visual illusions. Describe the debate over the role of nature and nurture in perception, and discuss what research findings on sensory deprivation and restored vision have contributed to this debate. Discuss the effects that experiences, assumptions, expectations, and context have on our perceptions. Terms Signal detection theory Sensory interaction Subliminal Sensation Perception Difference threshold Absolute threshold Weber’s law Transduction Sensory adaptation Optic nerve Frequency theory Place theory Opponent-process theory Gate control theory Parallel processing Pupil Lens Retina Fovea Blind spot Rods Cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Iris Olfactory Gustatory Kinesthesis Vestibular sense Proprioceptors Semicircular canals Cochlea Hair cells Hammer, anvil, stirrup Ear drum Pinna Afterimage Oval window Basilar membrane Selective attention Retinal disparity Size constancy Phi phenomenon Interposition Visual capture Perceptual set Stroboscopic movement Convergence Gestalt Texture gradient Depth perception Linear perspective Relative height Relative size Relative clarity Perceptual set Context effect MEMORY: See the list that I handed out for MODULE 21 and the Worksheet for Module 22.