Download More on Genetics2013

More on Genetics
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______________________- use desired traits to
produce the next generation-example-selectively
breeding dogs,horses,plants
______________________crossing dissimilar
individuals—often useful in plants
________________________-continued breeding of
of individuals w/similar characteristics
inbreeding
Selective breeding
hybridization
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Mutations are a source of genetic variation
DNA extraction-add chemicals that cause DNA
to uncoil from histones and burst out of
nucleus
________________________________making changes in the DNA code of an
organism
_________________________________are
used to cut DNA into fragments and gel
electrophoresis is used to compare
____________________,or gene composition
Restriction enzymes
Genetic
engineering
genomes
Recombinant DNA
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________________________-DNA
produced by combining DNA from different
sources
__________________In the process of
transforming bacteria,the foreign DNA is
joined to this small,circular DNA
_____________________-contain genes plasmids
from other species---used for making
insulin….
clone
A _____________is a member of a
population of genetically identical cells from
a single source
___________________________is a picture
of chromosomes arranged in ordered pairs
transgenics
karyotypes
Restriction Enzymes
Section 13-2
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme
EcoRI cuts the DNA
into fragments.
Go to
Section:
Sticky end
Restriction Enzymes
Section 13-2
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme
EcoRI cuts the DNA
into fragments.
Go to
Section:
Sticky end
Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis
Section 13-2
Power
source
DNA plus restriction
enzyme
Longer
fragments
Shorter
fragments
Mixture of DNA
fragments
Go to
Section:
Gel
Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
Section 13-2
Fluorescent
dye
Single strand
of DNA
Strand broken
after A
Power
source
Strand broken
after C
Strand broken
after G
Strand broken
after T
Go to
Section:
Gel
Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Recombinant
DNA
Gene for human
growth hormone
Gene for human
growth hormone
Human Cell
Sticky
ends
DNA
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
Go to
Section:
Bacterial cell for
containing gene for
human growth hormone
Figure 13-10 Plant Cell
Transformation
Section 13-3
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Gene to be
transferred
Cellular
DNA
Recombinant
plasmid
Inside plant cell,
Agrobacterium inserts part of
its DNA into host cell
chromosome
Plant cell colonies
Transformed bacteria introduce
plasmids into plant cells
Go to
Section:
Complete plant is
generated from
transformed cell
Flowchart
Section 13-4
Cloning
A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.
Go to
Section:
Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First
Mammal
Section 13-4
A donor cell is taken from
a sheep’s udder.
Donor
Nucleus
These two cells are fused
using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the
egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken
from an adult
female sheep.
Embryo
Cloned Lamb
The embryo
develops normally
into a lamb—Dolly
Go to
Section:
The fused cell
begins dividing
normally.
Foster
Mother
The embryo is placed
in the uterus of a foster
mother.
karyotypes
pedigree
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_______________________-chart
that shows a relationship within a
family,usually tracking one trait
Figure 14-3 A Pedigree
Section 14-1
A circle represents
a female.
A horizontal line connecting
a male and female
represents a marriage.
A half-shaded circle
or square indicates
that a person is a
carrier of the trait.
A completely
shaded circle or
square indicates
that a person
expresses the
trait.
Go to
Section:
A square represents
a male.
A vertical line and a
bracket connect the
parents to their children.
A circle or square
that is not shaded
indicates that a
person neither
expresses the trait
nor is a carrier of
the trait.
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HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS Rh-single gene w/2 alleles---+ and /+ is dominant
 ABO blood groups – genes--IA,IB,and I or A,B,O
Figure 14-4 Blood Groups
Section 14-1
Phenotype
(Blood Type
Go to
Section:
Genotype
Antigen on
Red Blood Cell
Safe Transfusions
To
From
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Autosomal DisordersAlbinism,Cysytic
Fibrosis,Galactosemia,PKU,TaySachs
Achondroplasia,Huntington’s.hyperc
holesterolemia,Sickle-cell disease
23 pairs of human chromosomes
Xx=female and xy=male
Sex-linked genes:
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colorblindness is on x chromosomerarely expressed in females
hemophilia on x
muscular Dystrophy
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X-Chromosome Inactivation-Geneticist Mary Lyon found that
most of the genes on the 2nd x
chromosome in females are
randomly turned off---forming a
dense region in nucleus known as
BARR BODY/generally not found
in males….This explains calico
and tortoiseshell female cats!
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Summary of Human Genetic
DisordersCaused by individual genesSickle-Cell-defective allele for
beta globulin causing a sickle
shape of RBC’s
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Cystic Fibrosis(CF)—deletion of usually
3 bases ina gene for a protein called
CFTR= Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane
Conductance Regulator….which
normally allows Cl- ions to pass cell
membrane-Phenylalanine is missing
and protein folds improperly and is
destroyed…causing multiple tissue
malfunction-serious digestive and
respiratory problems
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Huntington’s Disease-dominant
allele for protein found in brain
cells---causing a long string of
glutamine-mental and muscular
deterioration
Read p. 400 to see how genetic disorders can be
related to evolutionary advantages.
Chromosomal Disorder:
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___________________homologous chromosomes fail to
separate
__________________-trisomy 21
Turners-only x
Klinefelter’s xxy,xxxy,xxxxy
nondijunction
Down syndrome
Figure 14-8 The Cause of Cystic Fibrosis
Section 14-1
Chromosome
#7
CFTR
gene
The most common allele
that causes cystic fibrosis is
missing 3 DNA bases. As
a result, the amino acid
phenylalanine is missing
from the CFTR protein.
Go to
Section:
Normal CFTR is a chloride
ion channel in cell
membranes. Abnormal
CFTR cannot be transported
to the cell membrane.
The cells in the person’s airways
are unable to transport chloride
ions. As a result, the airways
become clogged with a thick
mucus.
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous
chromosomes
fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Go to
Section:
Meiosis II
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous
chromosomes
fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Go to
Section:
Meiosis II
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous
chromosomes
fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Go to
Section:
Meiosis II
Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
Section 14-2
Father
(normal vision)
Colorblind
Normal
vision
Male
Female
Daughter
(normal vision)
Son
(normal vision)
Daughter
(carrier)
Son
(colorblind)
Mother
(carrier)
Go to
Section:
Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
Section 14-2
Father
(normal vision)
Colorblind
Normal
vision
Male
Female
Daughter
(normal vision)
Son
(normal vision)
Daughter
(carrier)
Son
(colorblind)
Mother
(carrier)
Go to
Section:
DNA fingerprinting
Figure 14-18 DNA Fingerprinting
Section 14-3
Restriction enzyme
Chromosomes contain large
amounts of DNA called repeats
that do not code for proteins.
This DNA varies from person to
person. Here, one sample has
12 repeats between genes A
and B, while the second
sample has 9 repeats.
Go to
Section:
Restriction enzymes are used
to cut the DNA into fragments
containing genes and repeats.
Note that the repeat fragments
from these two samples are of
different lengths.
The DNA fragments are
separated according to size using
gel electrophoresis. The
fragments containing repeats are
then labeled using radioactive
probes. This produces a series of
bands—the DNA fingerprint.
Figure 14-21 Gene Therapy
Section 14-3
Normal
hemoglobin gene
Genetically
engineered virus
Go to
Section:
Bone
marrow cell
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Bone
marrow
Human Genome project-analyze
human DNA sequence
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Last blank is stem cells