Download Transcription and Translation Eukaryotic Cell

Transcription and Translation
Eukaryotic Cell- A cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclose
organelles (protists, plants, animals, and fungi).
Nucleus- The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. DNA is located in the
nucleus, transcription and mRNA processing occurs in the Nucleus.
Codon- Specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; basic unit of genetic code.
Ribosomes- Organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein
synthesis. They control the coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons.
Nucleotide- Five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group.
Amino Acid- Organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Serve as monomers
of proteins.
mRNA- is a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each of which contains a nitrogenous base,
a sugar and a phosphate group. Messenger RNA contains genetic information. It carries genetic
information from the gene (DNA) out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm of the cell where
translation occurs to produce a protein.
tRNA- functions to transport amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
rRNA- a structural component of the ribosomes.
Proteins are very important in determining the characteristics of our bodies.
- The instructions for making a protein are provided by a gene. A Gene is a specific
segment of a DNA molecule. A gene contains sequences of nucleotides; this specifies
which sequence of amino acids should be joined to form a protein. The sequence of
amino acids in the protein determines the function and structure of that protein.
A gene directs the synthesis of a protein by a two-step process
- Transcription
- is the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template.
-When the mRNA is synthesized, RNA nucleotides are added, and each RNA nucleotide is
matched to the DNA nucleotide in the gene. This nucleotide matching follows a base-pairing
ruleComplementary nucleotides
for base-pairing between two
strands of DNA
Complementary nucleotides
for base-pairing between DNA and RNA
G (guanine) pairs with C (cytosine).
G pairs with C.
A (adenine) pairs with T (thymine).
A in DNA pairs with U (uracil) in RNA.
T in DNA pairs with A in RNA.
-Translation - The process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA
transcript produced during transcription
First
Base
U
C
A
G
Genetic Code
Second Base
Third
Base
U
C
A
G
UUU
phenylalanine
UCU
serine
UAU
tyrosine
UGU
cysteine
U
UUC
phenylalanine
UCC
serine
UAC
tyrosine
UGC
cysteine
C
UUA
leucine
UCA
serine
UAA
stop
UGA
stop
A
UUG
leucine
UCG
serine
UAG
stop
UGG
tryptophan
G
CUU
leucine
CCU
proline
CAU
histidine
CGU
arginine
U
CUC
leucine
CCC
proline
CAC
histidine
CGC
arginine
C
CUA
leucine
CCA
CAA
proline glutamine
CGA
arginine
A
CUG
leucine
CCG
CAG
proline glutamine
CGG
arginine
G
AUU
isoleucine
ACU
AAU
threonine asparagine
AGU
serine
U
AUC
isoleucine
ACC
AAC
threonine asparagine
AGC
serine
C
AUA
isoleucine
ACA
threonine
AAA
lysine
AGA
arginine
A
AUG (start)
ACG
methionine threonine
AAG
lysine
AGG
arginine
G
GUU
valine
GCU
alanine
GAU
aspartate
GGU
glycine
U
GUC
valine
GCC
alanine
GAC
aspartate
GGC
glycine
C
GUA
valine
GCA
GAA
alanine glutamate
GGA
glycine
A
GUG
valine
GCG
GAG
alanine glutamate
GGG
glycine
G