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DNA & RNA – Day 1 DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid - Helix shaped - Made up of nucleotides - Each nucleotide made up of 3 basic components: 1) 5-Carbon sugar called Deoxyribose 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogenous base (4 different ones) - 4 Nitrogenous Bases 1) Adenine (A) 2) Guanine (G) 3) Cytosine (C) 4) Thymine (T) - Chargaff’s Rules: - Pairing of Bases: - A and T always go together - G and C always go together History of DNA 1) Rosalind Franklin (1950’s) - 1st to find helix structure DNA - Used X-ray evidence 2) Francis Crick & James Watson (1953) - Discovered Franklin’s picture - Came up with double helix model Double Helix = Looks like a twisted ladder or a spiral staircase - hydrogen bonds were between the nitrogenous bases (ATCG) DNA in Cells 1) Prokaryotic Cells - Single, circular DNA - DNA found in cytoplasm (no nucleus) 2) Eukaryotic Cells - Lots more DNA - DNA located in nucleus - DNA found in Chromosomes Chromosomes = DNA that is supercoiled - Humans have 23 pairs DNA & RNA – Day 2 DNA Replication = DNA makes a copy of itself. - Occurs in the cell’s nucleus - Complementary= each strand can be used to make a copy - How does replication occur? 1) Helix unzipped by enzyme Helicase 2) Replications from 5” to 3” end 3) Nucleotides pair up 4) Combine to pair with Hydrogen bond 2 types of strands from unzipped DNA 1) Leading strand- DNA polymerase 2) Lagging strand- form Okazaki fragments; RNA polymerase Genes = working subunits of DNA within chromosomes - Only copy what is needed to make protein - Encodes for specific enzymes or proteins RNA = ribonucleic acid - Single stranded - Made up of: 5- carbon sugar ( Ribose ), phosphate, and nitrogenous base - Contains Uracil ( U) instead of Thymine ( T) - A=U and G=C Similarities & Differences between DNA & RNA 3 types of RNA 1) Messenger RNA: AKA mRNA; carries copies of DNA out to rough ER. 2) Ribosomal RNA: AKA rRNA; proteins assembled on ribosomes 3) Transfer RNA: AKA tRNA; transfers amino acids to the ribosome DNA & RNA – Day 3 Transcription = process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA - Requires the enzyme RNA polymerase - Copies sections of DNA Translation = process of decoding of instructions for making proteins - Sequence of nucleotides serve as instructions for the amino acids - Read 3 letters at a time Translation process 1) mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus 2) the amino acid is brought in by tRNA 3) peptide bond is formed 4) continues to grow until reaches a stop codon DNA & RNA – Day 4 Mutations = mistakes in the DNA copying Types of Gene Mutations 1) Point mutations = causes replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide Example: Sickle Cell Anemia 2) Frameshift mutation= caused by a deletion or insertion Example: Tay-Sachs Disorder Chromosomal mutation = changes in the number of chromosomes Examples: Wolf-Hirschorn Syndrome/ Carcot-Marie-Tooth disease Types of chromosomal mutations 1) Inversion= insertion of a chromosome in reverse 2) Translocation= attachment of chromosome fragments 3) Deletion= lose of a portion of chromosome 4) Duplication= portion of the chromosome is duplicated (extra genetic material) REVIEW: DNA & RNA DNA RNA Sugar: Deoxyribose Sugar: Ribose Bases: A to T, C to G Bases: A to U, C to G Double Stranded Single Stranded Located in Nucleus Copies DNA in nucleus (mRNA) & leaves to make amino acids in cytoplasm REVIEW: DNA/RAN Processes Process DNA Replication Transcription Translation Location Inside nucleus What Happens Makes complimentary strand of DNA (DNA copies itself) Nucleus & Cytoplasm mRNA copies DNA in nucleus, then brings info into cytoplasm Cytoplasm mRNA is read in codons (3 base pairs at a time), amino acids are put in a sequence to form a protein