Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook January 14, 2016 Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Key Concepts What is the Cell Theory? What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What structures do you recognize from this cell? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 How did scientists find these structures? The discovery of the microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at a piece of plant material (cork) and saw little rooms. He called these cells because tiny rooms were called cells. Upon further exploration it was deemed that cells were the basic units of life. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells. In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that all living things were made of cells. In 1855, Rudolph Virchow concluded that all cells come from existing cells. This lead to the development of the Cell Theory. Cell Theory was developed and states 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. Is an egg one cell or many? An unfertilized egg does have only one cell, but the cell is at the top of the yolk and looks like a white disk. You can see it if you separate the egg very carefully. When egg is fertilized the cell begins to divide and multiply. The yolk serves as nourishment for the embryo. Try it at home see if you can see the disk. Two groups of cells based on if the cell has a nucleus or not All cells have some common structures: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Genetic Material (DNA) Some cells have these structures in common: Cell Wall Nucleus Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes smaller no organelles no nucleus unicellular genetic material NOT in a nucleus do same functions as living things grow, reproduce, etc bacteria Eukaryotes larger more complicated genetic material in a nucleus organelles specialized structures that carry out cells needs specialized cells can be unicellular multicellular organisms plants animals fungi protists Assignment: Create a venn diagram the demonstrates the similarities and differences of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Must have at least 5 similarities and 5 differences. Oct 298:50 AM 1 Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook January 14, 2016 72 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Key Concept What are the functions of the major cell structures? Vocab Page 174 Organelles "little organs" What are some differences between the two cells? Cell Biologists divide cell into 2 parts nucleus and cytoplasm Cell Membrane lipid bilayer Function Controls what goes in and out Controls chemical composition Cytoplasm area between nucleus and cell membrane jelly like material allows organelles to remain suspended 2 plasms cytosol plasm outside of the nucleus nucleoplasm plasm inside the nucleus each of these have different components in them Functions aids to dissolve waste products helps move cellular materials around the cell reactions occur in the cytoplasm cell expands and growscell division protects organelles from damage due to movement break down macromolecules so it is easily available for other organelles Nucleus an area inside the cell Functions controls most cell processes contains the hereditary information Nuclear Envelope two membranes that surrounds the nucleus contains nuclear pores that allow materials to enter and exit the nucleus Chromatin DNA bound to a protein chromosomes when a cell divides chromatin condenses to chromosomes contain the genetic information that is passed Nucleolus region inside the nucleus that is small and dense creation of ribosomes begin in the nucleolus subunits needed to make ribosomes are manufactured in the nucleolus, a ribosomes is made of two subunits of proteins Ribosomes composed of small particles of RNA and protein Function produce proteins based on instructions from the nucleus Free Ribosomes float in cytoplasm Function synthesize proteins that function within the cytoplasm Bound Ribosomes attached to ER Function synthesize proteins for transport out of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane system Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes located on membranes Function production and export of proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum no ribosomes, just membranes Function production of lipids and carbohydrates detoxification of drugs and process chemicals Which organ would have a lot of SER? liver Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body, Golgi Complex) folds of membranes Function like UPS receives proteins from the ER through a transition vesicle where molecules are combined then it packages them into secretory vesicles which is released into the cytoplasm to make its way to the cell membrane and sends them out of the cell or stores them for use later creates lysosomes Lysosomes small round vesicles that work in low oxygen areas specialized vesicle that holds a variety of enzymes Function digestion of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins to be used by other parts of the cell The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi Apparatus. The Golgi Apparatus then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed. Peroxisomes similar to lysosomes require oxygen to be able to work contain digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials digest ethanol liver would have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body synthesize cholesterol digestion of amino acids Vacuole saclike membrane structure that surrounds a mass of fluid larger in plant cell than an animal cell Function storage of water storage of wastes to break down so it can not hurt the cell, wastes will be sent out of the cell How is the function of a vacuole in a plant cell different from that in a unicellular organism? A vacuole in a plant cell stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. It helps support plant structures. A vacuole in a unicellular organism is specialized to pump water out of the cell. Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion (singular) https://mitochrondria mostly if not all mitochondria come from the ovum (egg cell) made of two membranes 1. acts as a skin 2. inner membrane folds over many times and creates structures called cristae (kristy) these folds allow for more energy to be produced due to the increased surface area. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis take place on this membrane as part of cellular respiration to create ATP. fluid in structure is called matrix contain own DNA Function take in nutrients, breaks them down, creates energy for the cell in the form of ATP through the process of cellular respiration muscles have a lot of mitochondria Chloroplasts found in plant and some protist (algae) contain own DNA contain green pigment chlorophyll Function responsible for photosynthesis converting sunlight, H2O, and CO2 into sugar and O2. Chromoplast found in plant cells that contain orange or yellow pigment Function gives plants orange or yellow color Cell Wall composed of cellulose sugar Function protection and support Cytoskeleton component that gives shape to cells made of protein filaments and allow the cell to move Microfilaments long, thin, stringy proteins support cell and movement Microtubules rounder tubeshaped located in centrioles contribute to cell division by forming the mitotic spindles Centrioles help in cell division made of microtubules found near nucleus only seen during cell division Centrosome composed of two centrioles organizes the microtubles Cell Tutorial link http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model_js.htm Nov 510:38 AM 2 Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook January 14, 2016 73 Cell Boundaries Key Concepts What are the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall? What happens during diffusion? What is osmosis? Vocab page 182 Cell Membrane surrounds the cell purpose is to provide protection and support and decides what can enter and exit the cell made of two layers of lipids lipid bylayer protein molecules are embedded to help transport substances through the cell membrane, carbohydrates are chemical identification cards which help to identify cells Cell Wall plants, algae, fungi, many prokaryotes outside of cell membrane main function is support and protection made of carbohydrate and protein composed mostly of cellulose carbohydrate fiber Both the cell membrane and cell wall are porousallowing materials to pass from inside cell to outside and vice versa. Cytoplasm has substances in it that move from inside to outside. A solution is a mixture of two or more substances. Solutes are the substances that dissolve in a solution. Concentration mass of solute in a given volume of solution how much of each substance in a certain amount solution ex 6 grams of sugar to 2 liters of water concentration = 6 g/2 L = 3g/L Try this. If you dissolved 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration of salt in this solution? Suppose you added 12 more grams of salt, what is the concentration of salt in this solution? What if you then added another 3 liters of water to that solution, what is the concentration of salt in this solution? Which one of these solutions would be called the most concentrated? 4 g/L 8 g/L 4 g/L most concentrated = 8 g/L How do cells deal with different concentrations? Osmosis diffusion of water through a permeable membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration when equilibrium is reached it is now called isotonic meaning same strength at first solution most concentrated hypertonic above strength the dilute sugar concentration hypotonic below strength Look at figure 716 isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic Diffusion molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration equilibrium when molecules have evenly spread out across the system does not require energy to move these particles Page 184, Figure 714 Solutes move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Equilibrium is reached, but the particles still move in both directions. Facilitated Diffusion proteins develop channels that help bring particles through the membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Figure 717 page 187 Active Transport requires energy to move particles across the membrane by transport proteins Endocytosis taking particles into the cell by pockets in the cell membrane Two Types Phagocytosis cell eating extensions of the cytoplasm surround the particle and package it into a food vacuole Pinocytosis bringing liquid into the cell by membrane Exocytosis releasing particles from the cell to outside of cell Nov 179:25 AM 3 Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function.notebook January 14, 2016 74 The Diversity of Cellular Life Key Concepts What is cell specialization? What are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms? Difference between Unicellular and Multicellular Unicellular single celled organism can carry out life's functions Multicellular many cells must have communication and cells working together cell specialization cells perform different tasks for a particular function Levels of organization in Multicellular Organisms CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan Systems Cells combine to make Tissues Tissues combine to make Organs Organs combine to make Organ Systems Each as a specific function Dec 211:07 AM 4
