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1 Gene Control of Cellular Activities 2 DNA Provides the info needed by the cells to produce specific enzymes enzymes needed for all cellular activities 3 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and helps in the protein synthesis mechanisms of cell. 4 RNA Same as DNA except 1. Ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. Uracil (U) is substituted for Thymine (T) 3. It’s a single chain 5 Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries DNA message from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (ribosomes) ribosomes) 6 Types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA (tRNA)) Transports amino acids within the cytoplasm to the ribosome's 7 Types of RNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA (rRNA)) Makes up the identification code of each ribosome for specific protein protein manufacturing 8 Genetic code The code contains the information of amino acid in a particular protein. This code is present in mRNA as well RNA code is in triplet code called a codon. codon. 9 Codon’s Each Codon correlates with a particular amino acid or message We use a chart to determine what message they are telling us. 10 Two Charts Used Often 11 Protein Synthesis Cell function is regulated by enzymes Enzyme is characteristic of its protein makeup. DNA determines the individuality of an organism 12 Protein Synthesis DNA serves as a template for synthesis of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides. nucleotides. This is Called Transcription 1 Transcription Animation 13 Protein Synthesis mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm where they become associated associated with ribosome's. 14 Protein Synthesis Translation: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA (rRNA)) temporarily binds mRNA to ribosome's insuring specific protein will be manufactured Specific tRNA molecules arranged as anticodons pick up and transfer mRNA codons from cytoplasm. Translation Animation 15 Gel Electrophoresis The Process by which a DNA fingerprint is made using restriction enzymes Restriction Enzymes will cut DNA at particular codons. codons. 16 Gel Electrophoresis The cut up pieces are then separated in a gel using the negative charge of the DNA to move it across an agrose gel. The smaller pieces will move faster then the larger pieces. Gel Electrophoresis Activity What can go wrong! 17 Karyotype A picture of paired chromosomes of an individual. 2