Download Gene Control of Cellular Activities

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Gene Control of Cellular Activities
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DNA
ƒ Provides the info needed by the cells to produce specific enzymes
enzymes needed for all cellular
activities
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
ƒ Carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and helps in the protein synthesis
mechanisms of cell.
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RNA
ƒ Same as DNA except
1. Ribose instead of deoxyribose
2. Uracil (U) is substituted for Thymine (T)
3. It’s a single chain
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Three Types of RNA
ƒ Messenger RNA (mRNA)
ƒ Carries DNA message from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
(ribosomes)
ribosomes)
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Types of RNA
ƒ Transfer RNA (tRNA
(tRNA))
ƒ Transports amino acids within the cytoplasm to the ribosome's
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Types of RNA
ƒ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA
(rRNA))
ƒ Makes up the identification code of each ribosome for specific protein
protein manufacturing
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Genetic code
ƒ The code contains the information of amino acid in a particular protein.
ƒ This code is present in mRNA as well
ƒ RNA code is in triplet code called a codon.
codon.
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Codon’s
ƒ Each Codon correlates with a particular amino acid or message
ƒ We use a chart to determine what message they are telling us.
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Two Charts Used Often
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Protein Synthesis
ƒ Cell function is regulated by enzymes
ƒ Enzyme is characteristic of its protein makeup.
ƒ DNA determines the individuality of an organism
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Protein Synthesis
ƒ DNA serves as a template for synthesis of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides.
nucleotides. This is Called
Transcription
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ƒ Transcription Animation
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Protein Synthesis
ƒ mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm where they become associated
associated with ribosome's.
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Protein Synthesis
ƒ Translation: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA
(rRNA)) temporarily binds mRNA to ribosome's
insuring specific protein will be manufactured
ƒ Specific tRNA molecules arranged as anticodons pick up and transfer mRNA
codons from cytoplasm.
ƒ Translation Animation
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Gel Electrophoresis
ƒ The Process by which a DNA fingerprint is made using restriction enzymes
ƒ Restriction Enzymes will cut DNA at particular codons.
codons.
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Gel Electrophoresis
ƒ The cut up pieces are then separated in a gel using the negative charge of the
DNA to move it across an agrose gel.
ƒ The smaller pieces will move faster then the larger pieces.
ƒ Gel Electrophoresis Activity
ƒ What can go wrong!
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Karyotype
ƒ A picture of paired chromosomes of an individual.
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