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AP Biology – Unit 3 – Genetics Review Name: Outcome: Big Idea 3 – Living systems store, transmit, receive and respond to information essential to life processes. Includes all of 3A, most of 3B, some of 3C, 3D, and 3E Multiple Choice 1. Noneukaryotic (prokaryotic) organisms have ___________ chromosomes and eukaryotic organisms have ______________ chromosomes bound to histones. a) More; less b) Multiple linear; circular c) Circular; multiple linear d) Circular; circular 2. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes contain _________; small extrachromosomal, double-stranded and circular DNA molecules. a) ribosomes b) plasmids c) flagella d) chromosomes 3. The individual(s) who is/were responsible for synthesizing data from the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to come up with the double-helix structure of DNA is/were named: a) Charles Darwin b) Francis Crick and James Watson c) Theodor Schwann d) Gregor Mendel 4. Nucleotide base pairings C (cytosine), T (thymine), and U (uracil) are ________ having a ______ ring structure. a) purines, single b) pyrimidines, single c) purines, double d) pyrimidines, double 5. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the __________ of a cell with a ribosome. a) cell membrane b) nucleus c) golgi apparatus d) cytoplasm 6. Three steps of translation, in order, are (use numbers 1-start, 3-end): _) initiation _) manipulation _) termination _) elongation 1/32 7. _____ code for particular amino acids and occur in groups of ______. a) genes; three b) codons; three c) traits; two d) codons; two 8. Interphase of the cell cycle includes the stages (circle those that apply). a) G1 - growth b) S – DNA Synthesis c) G2 – preparation for mitosis d) Mitosis 9. Which of the following “debunks” simple Mendelian genetics? a) incomplete dominance b) codominance c) multiple alleles coding for traits d) recessive alleles 10. The last three generations of Petlak have had two boys, which law/concept of Mendel’s does this critique, a) law of segregation b) independent assortment c) patterns of inheritance (consistent differences in expected probabilities of phenotypes) d) recessive traits 11. Traits residing on X chromosomes in humans are called a) Somatic b) Autosomes c) Alleles d) sex-linked 12. Mitochondrial DNA is always passed on from the _______, as part of the theory of “mitochondrial Eve”. a) egg b) sperm c) chromosome 1 d) y chromosome 13. If a gene codes for a protein that is required for hair growth, the activation of this gene would result in a change in the individuals _________, even though the __________ doesn’t change. a) genotype, phenotype b) phenotype, genotype c) karyotype, phenotype d) karyotype, genotype Short Answer 1. What are the molecule(s) responsible for transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next that contains genes? What do these molecules ultimately code for? DNA and RNA – proteins! 2. Describe general similarities and differences in the structure and how that correlates to the functions of DNA and RNA (consider basepairing, strandedness, and types of sugar making up their structures). Single versus double helix strands, CG/AT versus CG/AU, ribose versus deoxyribose. 3. What does it mean when we say that DNA replication occurs bidirectionally (reference leading versus lagging strands in your answer – and what is the name of the fragment created in the lagging strand)? Leading strand is processed from 3’ to 5’ away from the fork while Okazaki fragments are made on the lagging strand which is processed in the 5’ to 3’ towards the fork. 4. Given that viruses are composed of and use RNA and an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, how might they replicate using the cells of other organisms? After inserting their RNA into the cell – the enzyme uses the viral RNA to transcript itself into the DNA of the cell – after which it will be translated and produced. 5. List four types of RNA and how they differ from one another in function. mRNA carries information from DNA to ribosome tRNA bonds to specific amino acids and delivers to mRNA in ribosome to create a peptide! rRNA are the building blocks of ribosomes miRNA regulate gene expression by interfering with translation of mRNA 6. What are two modifications mRNA receives by enzymes after it is transcripted from the DNA – what do these modifications do? cap/tail (provides stability for mRNA), excision of introns (removes “useless” coding) 7. **Through describing either MPF or PDGF outline how the cell cycle has certain controls or checkpoints. How do cyclins and cyclindependent kinases also influence the cell cycle? If a cell stops dividing, can it become triggered to start again? 8. **Summarize mitosis including terms like diploid as well as the functions each may serve. Mitosis occurs after DNA replication producing two identical cells – for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Chromosomes replicate, align and separate. 9. **Summarize meiosis including terms like haploid, diploid and crossing over as well as the functions of the cells created by meiosis. two gametes are created (haploid). Meant for reproduction. Similar to mitosis, but homologues overlap and exchange info in crossing over and separate in new combinations of information. 10. How do repressors, activators, or inducers affect gene expression? Are genes always on? A repressor binds to locations on RNA that allow to not be synthesized. An activator allows or promotes the transcription of a gene. Presence of an inducer can promote or stop production of a gene. 11. Mutations can be good or bad and lead to genetic variation. What determines whether a mutation that leads to a change is good or bad? Provide an example of a good mutation for bacteria (consider hand sanitizer usage). Environment. 12. How can an error in mitosis or meiosis lead to phenotypic change in offspring? How might natural selection affect this individual? presence or absence of chromosomes = changes in appearance/performance may lead to a lack of ability to reproduce. 13. How do errors or alterations in the process of transcription, translation, and gene expression actually increase variation or changes in populations? Viruses lack any sort of error-correcting mechanism, what could this mean about its variation? the mistakes lead to new phenotypes and genetic combinations that may strengthen diversity in the population. Much more mutations and variation. Long Answer 1. A. Including at least four enzymes, outline the process of semiconservative DNA replication and RNA production for protein synthesis in eukaryotes (5). ligase (recombines DNA), helicase (splits DNA), RNA/DNA polymerase (synthesizes nucleotide base pairs in transcription), topoisomerase (unwinds DNA from histones). After the mRNA is created, tRNA finds associated amino acids and brings it to the ribosome to synthesize a protein. B. Provide detail as to how errors in the different steps of this process can lead to cancer and what may cause these errors (5). 2. A. Describe the cause of Down’s Syndrome (is this a genetic or chromosomal disorder?) B. How does probability, segregation, independent assortment, distance of genes on chromosomes connect to genotypes and phenotypes passing from parents to offspring. C. Given what you know about A. and B. should individuals carrying reproductive abnormalities such as this be allowed to reproduce? Why or why not? What are the ethical/societal/evolutionary implications of your decision? 3. pet protein sequence is a made-up enzyme (protein sequence) responsible for helping individuals named Mr. Logan Petlak to process the awesome that he consumes on an hourly basis. The operon for pet is found on chromosome 1. Using the graph below, answer the following (10). Concentration of pet protein sequence (ppm) Concentration of pet protein sequence in blood over time elapsed after consuming awesome (ppm) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time Elapsed after Consuming Awesome (minutes) A. Provide an explanation for the increase in the presence of the pet protein sequence in the blood. Include why it became present and why it may not have been present before. B. Predict and justify why the protein ceased to increase after four minutes and then proceeded to decline. C. Estimate the concentration change from minutes 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 and provide an explanation for the difference. D. Propose one advantage for their being a concentration of 0ppm of pet at minute 0 and minute 8. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ___.