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Transcript
Name: ______________________________ Keystone Module A Review Format: 32 Multiple Choice Questions 4 Constructed Response (Short Answer)—usually with 3 parts per question Topics Covered: Biochemistry (Carbon, Organic Macromolecules, and Properties of Water) Cell Types and Cellular Organelles (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes, Plants/Animal, Organelle Functions) Enzymes Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport Topic 1: Biochemistry Recap Why is carbon important to organic molecules? Monomer— Polymer— Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis There are 4 classes of organic macromolecules. Organic macromolecules all contain the element carbon. Tell me as much as you can remember about the four classes of organic macromolecules. Hint: Include as much of the following as you can: Atomic/Chemical Structure Monomers Functions in the body (what do they do for you?) Examples Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Properties of Water o Polarity— o Cohesion— o Adhesion— o Surface Tension— o Density— Nucleic Acids Topic 2: Cell Types and Organelles Recap Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Characteristics Cell A Is the cell in the picture a prokaryote or a eukaryote? Structures Present: Is this cell small or large compared to the other cell? Where is the cell’s DNA located? Example Organisms: Traits of Protein Synthesis : How do proteins get shipped out of the cell? Cell B How are Plant and Animal Cells Different? Plants Animals Topic 3: Enzymes Recap Enzymes usually end in the suffix __________. These words refer to chemical reactions that take place in the cell. When you see them, you should think “enzyme action”. What is the function of enzymes? Traits of enzymes: Use the Word Bank to label the structures associated with enzyme action in the diagram below. Then explain what is happening in the picture Word Bank Enzyme Substrate Active Site Product(s) Factors that affect Enzyme Action Enzyme Concentration Substrate Concentration Temperature pH Competitive Inhibition Topic 4: Cell Energy Recap ATP/ADP Cycle What cell processes require ATP? What cell processes do not use ATP? Cellular energy conversions rely primarily on two processes: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Look at the organelles below and answer the questions. What cell organelle is pictured above? What cell organelle is pictured above? What cell process is this organelle responsible for? for? What cell process is this organelle responsible Describe the energy conversion performed by this organelle. Describe the energy conversion performed by this organelle. Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cell respiration. Include as much information as you can remember. (What cell types use each process? What organelle? When does each occur? Reactants? Products? Etc.) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Topic 5: Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport Recap Plasma membranes control cellular homeostasis by determining what moves in and out of the cell. They have two main structures: Phospholipids & Proteins. Label a phospholipid and a protein in the diagram below. Transport in/out of the cell can be passive or active. Tell me as much as you can remember about how passive and active transport are different. Which one requires energy? Do they move with (high to low) or against (low to high) the concentration gradient? What sub-categories of transport fit in each (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport/protein pumps, endocytosis & exocytosis)? Passive Transport Active Transport Tonicity refers to the pressure inside the cell caused by the salt/water balance. Describe and diagram what happens to cells in each of the tonicities listed below. Isotonic—Equal salt/water inside and outside the cell. Hypertonic—More salt/less water outside the cell. Hypotonic—Less salt/more water outside the cell.