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Name: ______________________________
Keystone Module A
Review
Format:
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
32 Multiple Choice Questions
4 Constructed Response (Short Answer)—usually with 3 parts per question
Topics Covered:
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Biochemistry (Carbon, Organic Macromolecules, and Properties of Water)
Cell Types and Cellular Organelles (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes, Plants/Animal, Organelle Functions)
Enzymes
Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport
Topic 1: Biochemistry Recap
 Why is carbon important to organic molecules?
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Monomer—
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Polymer—
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
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There are 4 classes of organic macromolecules. Organic macromolecules all contain the element carbon. Tell
me as much as you can remember about the four classes of organic macromolecules.
Hint: Include as much of the following as you can:
Atomic/Chemical Structure
Monomers
Functions in the body (what do they do for you?)
Examples
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

Properties of Water
o Polarity—
o Cohesion—
o Adhesion—
o Surface Tension—
o Density—
Nucleic Acids
Topic 2: Cell Types and Organelles Recap
 Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Characteristics
Cell A
Is the cell in the picture a
prokaryote or a eukaryote?
Structures Present:
Is this cell small or large
compared to the other
cell?
Where is the cell’s DNA
located?
Example Organisms:
Traits of Protein Synthesis :

How do proteins get shipped out of the cell?
Cell B

How are Plant and Animal Cells Different?
Plants
Animals
Topic 3: Enzymes Recap
 Enzymes usually end in the suffix __________.
 These words refer to chemical reactions that take place in the cell. When you see them, you should
think “enzyme action”.

What is the function of enzymes?

Traits of enzymes:

Use the Word Bank to label the structures associated with enzyme action in the diagram below.
Then explain what is happening in the picture
Word Bank
Enzyme
Substrate
Active Site
Product(s)

Factors that affect Enzyme Action
Enzyme Concentration
Substrate Concentration
Temperature
pH
Competitive Inhibition
Topic 4: Cell Energy Recap
 ATP/ADP Cycle
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What cell processes require ATP? What cell processes do not use ATP?
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Cellular energy conversions rely primarily on two processes: Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration. Look at the organelles below and answer the questions.
What cell organelle is pictured above?
What cell organelle is pictured above?
What cell process is this organelle responsible for?
for?
What cell process is this organelle responsible
Describe the energy conversion performed by
this organelle.
Describe the energy conversion performed by
this organelle.

Use the Venn diagram below to compare and contrast photosynthesis and cell respiration. Include
as much information as you can remember. (What cell types use each process? What organelle?
When does each occur? Reactants? Products? Etc.)
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Topic 5: Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport Recap
 Plasma membranes control cellular homeostasis by determining what moves in and out of the cell.
They have two main structures: Phospholipids & Proteins. Label a phospholipid and a protein in
the diagram below.

Transport in/out of the cell can be passive or active. Tell me as much as you can remember about
how passive and active transport are different. Which one requires energy? Do they move with
(high to low) or against (low to high) the concentration gradient? What sub-categories of transport
fit in each (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport/protein pumps, endocytosis &
exocytosis)?
Passive Transport

Active Transport
Tonicity refers to the pressure inside the cell caused by the salt/water balance. Describe and
diagram what happens to cells in each of the tonicities listed below.
Isotonic—Equal salt/water
inside and outside the cell.
Hypertonic—More salt/less
water outside the cell.
Hypotonic—Less salt/more
water outside the cell.