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Warm-Up (1/19) On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question. Describe three mechanisms by which sexual reproduction increases genetic variation. Name Date Period 3C.1a: Alterations in DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of protein produced and the consequent phenotype. 3C.1a.1: DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based on the effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein. 3C.1b: Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in DNA. 3C.1b.1: Whether or not a mutation is detrimental, beneficial or neutral depends on the environmental context. Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation. 3C.2a: The imperfect nature of DNA replication and repair increases variation. 1A.1c: Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment. 1A.2b: Phenotypic variations are not directed by the environment but occur through random changes in the DNA and through new gene combinations. 3C.2c: Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involving gamete formation, including crossing-over during meiosis and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and fertilization serve to increase variation. Reproduction processes that increase genetic variation are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by various organisms. The Central Dogma, Revisited His Met DNA code makes RNA code makes polypeptide code. GUA ribosome nucleus G G A C A T G C A T G C AG AUGCAUGCA T A C G T A CG T C The Molecular Nature of Mutation Mutation = change in the DNA sequence… ribosome nucleus G G A T G C A T G C AG A C T A C C T A CG T C The Molecular Nature of Mutation Mutation = change in the DNA sequence… …resulting in change in RNA sequence… ribosome nucleus G G A C A T G C A T G C AG AUGGAUGCA T A C C T A CG T C The Molecular Nature of Mutation Leu Mutation = change in the DNA sequence… …resulting in change in RNA sequence… Met CUA AUGGAUGCA ribosome …resulting in change in the polypeptide sequence… nucleus G G A C A T G C A T G C AG AUGGAUGCA T A C C T A CG T C The Molecular Nature of Mutation Mutations can affect sequence of protein OR amount of protein. protein (high levels) repressor activator promoter before mutation coding sequence RNA (high levels) The Molecular Nature of Mutation Mutations can affect sequence of protein OR amount of protein. repressor protein (low levels) activator X promoter after mutation coding sequence RNA (low levels) The Molecular Nature of Mutation Mutations occur… 1. During DNA replication (DNA polymerase makes a mistake) 2. During DNA repair 3. By exposure to radiation or chemicals Critical Thinking Question #1 Discuss this question with your partner and write or represent it. I will call on three people to share their partners’ answers. Explain three mechanisms by which genetic variation can be introduced in somatic cells. 3C.1a: Alterations in DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of protein produced and the consequent phenotype. 3C.1a.1: DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral based on the effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the phenotypes that are conferred by the protein. 3C.1b: Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e.g., mutations in DNA. 3C.1b.1: Whether or not a mutation is detrimental, beneficial or neutral depends on the environmental context. Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation. 3C.2a: The imperfect nature of DNA replication and repair increases variation. 1A.1c: Genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection. A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment. 1A.2b: Phenotypic variations are not directed by the environment but occur through random changes in the DNA and through new gene combinations. 3C.2c: Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involving gamete formation, including crossing-over during meiosis and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and fertilization serve to increase variation. Reproduction processes that increase genetic variation are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by various organisms. From Mutation to Variation The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Apoptosis Activating Protein AEP mRNA promoter AEP gene From Mutation to Variation Deleterious mutation messes it up. The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Apoptosis Activating Protein X AEP mRNA X promoter AEP gene From Mutation to Variation Deleterious mutation messes it up. The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Apoptosis Activating Protein (low levels) AEP mRNA (low levels) X promoter AEP gene From Mutation to Variation The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Beneficial mutation makes it better. Apoptosis Activating Protein (high levels) AEP mRNA (high levels) X promoter AEP gene From Mutation to Variation The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Messed-Up Apoptosis Protein • Negative for embryos. • Positive for neurons. From Mutation to Variation The effect of a mutation depends on its context. Messed-Up Lactase Protein • Negative for dairy farmers. • Neutral for islanders. From Mutation to Variation Populations are genetically diverse because of mutations. From Mutation to Variation A diverse gene pool is important for the survival of a species in a changing environment. Ice Age Critical Thinking Question #2 The transcription factor CTIP2 represses genes responsible for differentiating epithelial cells into hair follicle cells; therefore, CTIP2 represses the hair follicle cell fate. Vulpes lagopus is a species of snow fox which lives in the extremely cold conditions of the arctic tundra. Predict the effects of a deleterious mutation in the ctip2 gene occurring in the ovaries of a female arctic fox on the Vulpes lagopus population. Closure On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question: Explain how a mutation can be detrimental in one environmental context and beneficial in another. Name Date Period Scale 1 – 10