Download Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
• Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
• We focused on prokaryotic cells yesterday, so
now let’s focus on eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells are found in the kingdoms of
Protista (protists), Fungi (fungi, mushrooms),
Plantae (plants) and Animalia (animals)
• There are two basic types:
A) Plant Cells
B) Animal Cells
Because we are animals, let’s talk about us first!
Animal Cell Organelles
• Organelle – specialized structures
inside a cell that carry out specific
functions in the cell
• We have a whole lot of organelles
within our cell and we need to talk
about all of them
Cell Membrane
• Cell Membrane – the outside boundary of a
cell which controls what enters and leaves the
cell
• There are specific ways to enter and leave the
cell and the cell membrane meets those needs
• (We’ll talk more about that later)
• The cell membrane is also called the plasma
membrane
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm – semifluid material inside the cell
membrane
• All the other organelles are inside the
cytoplasm
• Organelles don’t just sit still without nothing
to hold it
• The cytoplasm is like jello because things
move through but they are held in position
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
• Cytoskeleton – supporting network of long
thin protein fibers that form a framework for
the cell and provide an anchoring system for
the organelles
• Just like a human skeleton—you hold your
arm upright to ask a question because of your
skeleton
Cytoskeleton
The Nucleus
• Nucleus – the control center of the cell
• It’s in charge of everything in the cell just
like Mr. Mitchell is in charge of the school
• All decisions are made by him and
directed by him
• ALL Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus
The Nucleus
The Nucleus (Review)
• DNA is housed inside the nucleus
• mRNA is produced inside the nucleus
• And mRNA has to leave the nucleus with
DNA’s message and genetic code and go to the
cytoplasm
• How does it leave the nucleus???
Nuclear Pores
• Nuclear Pores – small openings in the nucleus
which allow things to leave and enter the
nucleus
• mRNA leaves, DNA can’t
Nucleolus
• Nucleolus – place inside the nucleus where
ribosomes are made
• These leave the nucleolus and nucleus just like
mRNA
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) – a
membrane system of folded sacs and
interconnected channels that serve as the site
of protein synthesis
• It is called rough because it also has ribosomes
on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) a membrane system of folded sacs and
interconnected channels to make
carbohydrates and liquids and phospholipids
• Phospholipids are an important part of the cell
membrane
• Does NOT have ribosomes so it is smooth
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes – organelles where
proteins are made
• Protein Synthesis happens here!!
• They can be free or attached to
the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
• Golgi apparatus – flattened stack of
membrane that modifies, sorts and packages
proteins into sacs called vesicles
• Like a stack of pancakes
• (Golgi is someone’s last name and is
capitalized!)
• Once the proteins are made, they have to go
to the Golgi apparatus to be packaged and
sent like the post office does your packages
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
• Vesicle – packages that hold things in the cell
and carry them places within the cell
• Usually from the rough ER to the Golgi
apparatus and then to the cell membrane
where they connect and release things
outside the cell
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes – contain substances that digest
and destroy worn out organelles, food
particles, bacteria and viruses
• This is the clean up crew of the cell
Centrioles
• Centrioles – microtubules that function during
cell division only
• When the cell isn’t dividing, they are near the
nucleus
• When it is dividing, they move to the center
and then to both sides to form microtubules
for the chromosomes to attach to and move
to the opposite ends of the cell
Centrioles
Mitochondria
• Mitochondria – power supply for the cell
• Mitochondria convert fuel supplies (mostly
sugars) into power for cell’s to use
• Referred to as “powerhouses” of the cell
• They are made of small membranes inside a
larger membrane to increase the surface area
• They do a whole lot of stuff in a small amount
of space
Mitochondria
Plant Cells
• Plant cells are unique and contain
organelles not found in animal
cells
• These include vacuoles,
chloroplasts and cell walls
• These are found only in plant
cells
Cell Wall
• Cell Wall – wall outside the cell membrane
that gives the cell more structure
• Plant cells are more square and rectangular in
shape than animal cells because of the cell
wall
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts – organelles that contain
chlorophyll and are the beginning of
photosynthesis in cells
• Chlorophyll – green pigment found in plants
Vacuole
• Vacuole – sac used to store water, food,
enzymes and waste products in plant cells
• They can be largest part of a plant cell
because they hold WATER for the cell to use
Flagella and Cilia
• Flagella – whiplike structure used for
movement
• Cilia – shorter hairlike structures used for
movement