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Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Tour of the Cell 1
AP Biology
Types of cells
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryote
animal
cells
AP Biology
Eukaryote
plant cells
Why organelles?
§
Specialized structures
u specialized functions
mitochondria
cilia or flagella for locomotion
Containers
§
§
u
u
partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
§
chloroplast
separate pH, or concentration of materials
distinct & incompatible functions
§ lysosome & its digestive enzymes
Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
u
§
u
unique combinations of lipids & proteins
u
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
§ chloroplasts & mitochondria
AP Biology
Golgi
ER
1
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Cells gotta work to live!
§ What jobs do cells have to do?
u
make proteins
§ proteins control every
cell function
u
make usable energy
§ for daily life
§ for growth
u
make more cells
§ growth
§ repair
§ renewal
AP Biology
Building Proteins
AP Biology
2007-2008
Proteins do all the work!
proteins
cells
DNA
AP Biology
organism
Repeat after me…
Proteins do all the work!
2
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Cells functions
§ Building proteins
read DNA instructions
build proteins
u process proteins
u
u
§ folding
§ modifying
w removing amino acids
w adding other molecules
n
u
e.g, making glycoproteins
for cell membrane
address & transport proteins
AP Biology
Building Proteins
§ Organelles involved
nucleus
ribosomes
u endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
u Golgi apparatus
u vesicles
u
u
The Protein Assembly Line
nucleus
ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
AP Biology
DNA
Nucleus
§ Function
u protects
chromosome
DNA
histone protein
§ Structure
u
nuclear envelope
§ double membrane
§ membrane fused in spots to create pores
w allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
AP Biology
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
3
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
1
nuclear
m em brane
production of mRNA
from DNA in nucleus
DNA
m RNA
Nucleus
2
nuclear pore
mRNA travels from
nucleus to ribosome
in cytoplasm through
nuclear pore
small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
large
ribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm
AP Biology
AP Biology
Nucleolus
§ Function
u
ribosome production
§ build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
§ exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
large subunit
small
subunit
AP Biology
rRNA &
proteins
ribosome
nucleolus
4
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
large
subunit
Ribosomes
§
§
Function
u protein production
Structure
u rRNA & protein
u 2 subunits combine
small
subunit
0.08µm
Ribosomes
Rough
ER
Smooth
ER
AP Biology
Types of Ribosomes
§ Free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol
synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol
Bound ribosomes
u
u
§
attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
u synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes
u
AP Biology
membrane proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
§ Function
processes proteins
manufactures membranes
u synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
Structure
u membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell
u
u
§
AP Biology
5
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Types of ER
rough
smooth
AP Biology
Smooth ER function
§ Membrane production
§ Many metabolic processes
u
synthesis
§ synthesize lipids
w oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
u
hydrolysis
§ hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
w in liver
§ detoxify drugs & poisons
w in liver
w ex. alcohol & barbiturates
AP Biology
Membrane Factory
§ Build new
membrane
u synthesize
phospholipids
§ builds membranes
u
ER membrane
expands
§ bud off & transfer
to other parts of
cell that need
membranes
AP Biology
6
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Rough ER function
§ Produce proteins for export out of cell
u
u
protein secreting cells
packaged into transport vesicles for export
Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?
AP Biology
Synthesizing proteins
cisternal
space
polypeptide
signal
sequence
ribosome
ribosome
mRNA
AP Biology
membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
§ Function
u
finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
u
ships products in vesicles
§ like “UPS shipping department”
§ membrane sacs
Which cells §
have lots
of Golgi?
AP Biology
“UPS trucks”
secretory
vesicles
transport vesicles
7
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Golgi Apparatus
AP Biology
Vesicle transport
protein
vesicle
budding
from rough
ER
migrating
transport
vesicle
fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
ribosome
AP Biology
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Making Proteins
Golgi
apparatus
Regents Biology
8
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Putting it together…
nucleus
nuclear pore
Making proteins
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
AP Biology
transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
cytoplasm
AP Biology
AP Biology
9
Division Ave. High School
Ms. Foglia
AP Biology
Any Questions!!
AP Biology
2007-2008
10