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Transcript
Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Tour of the Cell 1 AP Biology Types of cells Prokaryote bacteria cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote animal cells AP Biology Eukaryote plant cells Why organelles? § Specialized structures u specialized functions mitochondria cilia or flagella for locomotion Containers § § u u partition cell into compartments create different local environments § chloroplast separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions § lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions u § u unique combinations of lipids & proteins u embedded enzymes & reaction centers § chloroplasts & mitochondria AP Biology Golgi ER 1 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Cells gotta work to live! § What jobs do cells have to do? u make proteins § proteins control every cell function u make usable energy § for daily life § for growth u make more cells § growth § repair § renewal AP Biology Building Proteins AP Biology 2007-2008 Proteins do all the work! proteins cells DNA AP Biology organism Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work! 2 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Cells functions § Building proteins read DNA instructions build proteins u process proteins u u § folding § modifying w removing amino acids w adding other molecules n u e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane address & transport proteins AP Biology Building Proteins § Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes u endoplasmic reticulum (ER) u Golgi apparatus u vesicles u u The Protein Assembly Line nucleus ribosome ER Golgi apparatus vesicles AP Biology DNA Nucleus § Function u protects chromosome DNA histone protein § Structure u nuclear envelope § double membrane § membrane fused in spots to create pores w allows large macromolecules to pass through nuclear pores AP Biology What kind of molecules need to pass through? nuclear pore nucleolus nuclear envelope 3 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology 1 nuclear m em brane production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus DNA m RNA Nucleus 2 nuclear pore mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore small ribosomal subunit mRNA large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm AP Biology AP Biology Nucleolus § Function u ribosome production § build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins § exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes large subunit small subunit AP Biology rRNA & proteins ribosome nucleolus 4 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology large subunit Ribosomes § § Function u protein production Structure u rRNA & protein u 2 subunits combine small subunit 0.08µm Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER AP Biology Types of Ribosomes § Free ribosomes suspended in cytosol synthesize proteins that function in cytosol Bound ribosomes u u § attached to endoplasmic reticulum u synthesize proteins for export or for membranes u AP Biology membrane proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum § Function processes proteins manufactures membranes u synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds Structure u membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell u u § AP Biology 5 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Types of ER rough smooth AP Biology Smooth ER function § Membrane production § Many metabolic processes u synthesis § synthesize lipids w oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones u hydrolysis § hydrolyze glycogen into glucose w in liver § detoxify drugs & poisons w in liver w ex. alcohol & barbiturates AP Biology Membrane Factory § Build new membrane u synthesize phospholipids § builds membranes u ER membrane expands § bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes AP Biology 6 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Rough ER function § Produce proteins for export out of cell u u protein secreting cells packaged into transport vesicles for export Which cells have lot of rough ER? AP Biology Synthesizing proteins cisternal space polypeptide signal sequence ribosome ribosome mRNA AP Biology membrane of endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus § Function u finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products u ships products in vesicles § like “UPS shipping department” § membrane sacs Which cells § have lots of Golgi? AP Biology “UPS trucks” secretory vesicles transport vesicles 7 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Golgi Apparatus AP Biology Vesicle transport protein vesicle budding from rough ER migrating transport vesicle fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus ribosome AP Biology endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein protein Making Proteins Golgi apparatus Regents Biology 8 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Putting it together… nucleus nuclear pore Making proteins cell membrane protein secreted rough ER ribosome vesicle proteins smooth ER AP Biology transport vesicle Golgi apparatus cytoplasm AP Biology AP Biology 9 Division Ave. High School Ms. Foglia AP Biology Any Questions!! AP Biology 2007-2008 10