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Name ____________________________________________________________ Cells and Scopes Practice Questions 1. Please write the functions of the organelles in the chart below. Indicate whether the organelles are found only in Plant Cells (P), Animal Cells (A), or in both types of cells (B) Organelle
Functions and Indicate A/P/B
Provides protection from physical injury, works with vacuole to provide
Cell Wall (P)
support
Cytoplasm (B)
Fills the space inside the cell, holds organelles, helps in transport or
materials between organelles, allows thing to move around the cell
Chloroplast (P)
Acts as boundary layer to contain cytoplasm and protect the cell,
selectively semi-permeable to allow good things into the cell, waste
out of the cell, and blocks bad things (the gate keeper)
Captures energy in sunlight and stores it in glucose molecules – site
of photosynthesis (solar panel)
Nucleus/DNA (B)
DNA has all of the instructions that tell the organelles how to function
– carry out the BIG 7 (the brain/boss)
Ribosomes (B)
Turn genes into proteins – read RNA like a recipe, located on Rough
ER, made in Nucleolus (grandma’s making pies)
Cell Membrane (B)
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (B)
Contains Ribosomes, site of protein synthesis. Sends completed
proteins to golgi body (counter tops for grandmas to work)
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (B)
Makes lipids and detoxifies bad chemicals
Golgi Body (B)
Sends completed molecules to the proper location in the cell (mail
center)
Vacuoles (B)
Stores extra food, water, and waste. In the plant cell produces turgor
pressure for support (storage closet)
Mitochondria (B)
Breaks down carbohydrates to produce energy for the cell (the power
house)
Lysosomes (A)
Centrosomes (B)
Nucleolus (B)
Amyloplast (P)
Nuclear Membrane (B)
Questions for Ms. Bell: Breaks down waste in cells (clean up crew)
Aid in cellular division (reproduction)
Makes ribosomes and sends the ribosomes to the Rough ER
Stores starch molecules in plant cells (Pantry)
Contains the DNA inside the cell
2. If you were to look at an unknown cell under a microscope, what characteristics would you use to determine whether it was Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Give at least 3 specific features that you could use to identify the cell. Prokaryotic: very small, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic: big, nucleus, membrane bound organelles 3. If you determined that the cell you were looking at was Eukaryotic, what would identify it as a Plant Cell vs. an Animal Cell? Give at least 3 specific features that you could use to identify the cell. Animal cell: round and squishy shape, because no cell wall; many small vacuoles; presence of lysosomes Plant cell: square shape, because of cell wall; 1 large vacuole, presence of chloroplasts and amyloplasts. 4. What are the three parts of Cell Theory? What does Cell Theory help us explain? 1. All living things are made of cells 2. All cells come from pre-­‐existing cells 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living thing Cell theory helps us explain the relationship between living things and cells 5. Please pick 3 organelles and explain how they help the cell maintain homeostasis: -­Vacuole: helps control water levels by storing extra water in the cell -­Cell Membrane: helps get rid of waste by releasing waste outside of the cell. Also, helps with obtaining energy, because lets nutrients/energy into the cell from the outside environment. -­Lysosomes: helps the cell get rid of waste by breaking down parts inside the cell -­Nucleus/DNA: contains instructions for the functioning of all organelles, so it enables the cell to carry out the BIG 7 -­Mitochondria: helps with energy, because it breaks down glucose molecules to release energy -­Chloroplasts: helps with energy, because it captures sunlight energy and stores it in glucose molecules -­Ribosomes: make proteins, so help with cell healing and repair, because proteins are structural pieces that build up the cell -­Cell Wall: keeps bad things out by providing physical protection to plant cells -­Cytoplasm: helps keep temperature stable, because it is made mostly of water and water changes temperature slowly. 6. Please pick 3 organelles and explain which BIG 7 they help the cell carry out: Cellular Organization: -­‐DNA/Nucleus: contains the instructions for the construction of the organelles Grow and Develop: -­‐DNA/Nucleus: contains the instructions for growing and developing in the cell -­‐Cytoplasm: it gets bigger with the cell -­‐Cell Membrane: it gets bigger with the cell -­‐Ribosomes: produce proteins will (1) build components of the cell and (2) maintain the functioning of the cell -­‐Rough ER: site of protein production, moves finished proteins to golgi body -­‐Smooth ER: site of lipid production, moves finished lipids to golgi body -­‐Golgi Body: moves finished materials (lipids and proteins) to where they need to go in the cell to help it function Respond to Surroundings: -­‐Cell Membrane: lets good things into the cell and blocks bad things from getting into the cell Cell Wall: added layer of protection for plan cells Metabolism: -­‐Mitochondria: breaks down sugars and releases energy for the cell -­‐Chloroplasts: captures sunlight energy and stores it in glucose molecules -­‐Lysosomes: break down waste in the cell -­‐Vacuoles: store extra food, water, and waste inside the cell -­‐Cell Membrane: lets nutrients/energy into the cell and releases waste outside of the cell -­‐Amyloplast: stores starch in plant cells -­‐Smooth ER: detoxifies bad chemicals Homeostasis: -­‐See list from #5 Reproduce and Evolve: -­‐Centrosomes: aid in cellular division -­‐Nucleus/DNA: genetic information passed down to offspring Gas Exchange: -­‐Cell Membrane: allows certain gases to flow into and out of the cell -­‐Cytoplasm: allows gases to move to wherever they need to go in the cell 7. What is surface area? How do cells increase the surface area of organelles? Why is increased surface area important for the functioning of cells? -­‐Surface area is the outside area of a 3D object -­‐Organelles increase their surface area by having folds and wrinkles in their membrane -­‐Increased surface area is important, because many chemical processes happen when molecules move across the membrane of organelles. The more membrane space there is on an organelle, the more molecules can move back and forth. This means that more products can be made and the cell can run more efficiently (More counter space = more grandma’s = more pies!) 8. Pick 1 organelle and explain how it increases surface area and how this helps it function more efficiently Rough ER: folds and wrinkles means more ribosomes can fit on it, which means more proteins are made Smooth ER: folds and wrinkles means more toxins can get into the Smooth ER, which means more toxins can be cleaned out of the cell Mitochondria: folds and wrinkles means more carbohydrates can fit into the mitochondria, which means that it can break down more glucose, which means more energy for the cell Chloroplast: folds and wrinkles means more room for sunlight to hit this organelle, which means more sunlight energy captured, which means more glucose for the plant cell to use. 9. What structures do ALL cells have in common? (Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) -­‐DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane 10. List the steps that you take in order to bring a sample of onion cells (slide is already made) into focus under high power on a compound light microscope. 1. Start on low power 2. Make sure that the specimen is in the center of the light 3. Use the coarse adjustment knob to bring the image into focus 4. Use the fine adjustment knob to sharpen the image 5. Rotate the objective lenses to medium power 6. Refocus the image with the coarse and fine adjustment knobs 7. Rotate the objective lenses to high power 8. Refocus the image using the fine adjustment knob ONLY 11. How do compound light microscopes magnify the image of a specimen? When light passes through the lenses on a compound microscope, the light is bent or refracted. When light is refracted, it magnifies the image of the thing that it is passing through. Since our compound microscopes have more than one lens, we can magnify things a lot.